@ -41,28 +41,33 @@ Icelandic or in Norwegian. However, this evolution is cause to debate,
mainly due to the original phoneme {{{phon(hʷ)}}} which could be inherited
from Proto-Norse instead.
+ Example :: Early Old Norse or Late Proto-Norse /hvat/ (what)
{{{phon(hʷɑ t)}}} > Eittlandic /hvat/ (what) {{{phon(ʍɑ t)}}}
#+html : ::: tip Example
Early Old Norse or Late Proto-Norse /hvat/ (what) {{{phon(hʷɑ t)}}} >
Eittlandic /hvat/ (what) {{{phon(ʍɑ t)}}}
#+html : :::
*** C / #h_ > C[-voice]
When preceded by a {{{phon(h)}}} , word-initial consonants such as «l», «r»,
«n» would lose their voicing and become voiceless consonants. Note
«hj» went to {{{phon(ç)}}} .
+ Example ::
- Early Old Norse /hlóð/ (/hearth/ ) {{{phon(hloː ð)}}} > Old Eittlandic /hlóð/
#+html : ::: tip Example
- Early Old Norse /hlóð/ (/hearth/ ) {{{phon(hloː ð)}}} > Old Eittlandic /hlóð/
{{{phon(l̥oː ð)}}}
- Early Old-Norse /hneisa/ (/shame, disgrace/ ) {{{phon(hneisɑ )}}} > Early Old
- Early Old-Norse /hneisa/ (/shame, disgrace/ ) {{{phon(hneisɑ )}}} > Early Old
Eittlandic {{{phon(n̥eisɑ )}}}
- Early Old Norse /hrifs/ (/robbery/ ) {{{phon(hrifs)}}} > Old Norse {{{phon(r̥ifs)}}}
- Early Old Norse /hjól/ (wheel) {{{phon(hjoː l)}}} > Old Eittlandic {{{phon(çoː l)}}}
- Early Old Norse /hrifs/ (/robbery/ ) {{{phon(hrifs)}}} > Old Norse {{{phon(r̥ifs)}}}
- Early Old Norse /hjól/ (wheel) {{{phon(hjoː l)}}} > Old Eittlandic {{{phon(çoː l)}}}
#+html : :::
*** g / {#,V}_ {V,#} > ɣ
In word-initial position and followed by a vowel or when between
vowels, Early Old Norse {{{phon(g)}}} gets palatalized into a {{{phon(ɣ )}}} .
+ Example :: Early Old Norse /gegn/ (/against, right opposite/ ) {{{phon(gegn̩)}}}
> Old Eittlandic {{{phon(ɣ egn̩)}}}
#+html : ::: tip Example
Early Old Norse /gegn/ (/against, right opposite/ ) {{{phon(gegn̩)}}} > Old
Eittlandic {{{phon(ɣ egn̩)}}}
#+html : :::
*** V / _ # > ∅ ! j _
When finishing a word, short unaccented vowels disappeared.
@ -71,8 +76,10 @@ into a {{{phon(ə)}}}, but they eventually disappeared before long vowels got
affected by the first part of the rule. However, it did not apply to
final vowels following a «j».
+ Example :: Old Norse /heilsa/ (/health/ ) {{{phon(heilsɑ )}}} > Late Old
Eittlandic /heils/ {{{phon(heils)}}} .
#+html : ::: tip Example
Old Norse /heilsa/ (/health/ ) {{{phon(heilsɑ )}}} > Late Old Eittlandic /heils/
{{{phon(heils)}}} .
#+html : :::
Reflecting this change, the last vowel got lost in the Eittlandic
orthography. However, this rule did not get applied consistently with
@ -82,15 +89,18 @@ a good deal of people that kept them well until the [[file:./phonology.md#great-
While the final short vowel of words did not disappear when preceded
by a «j», they still weakened to a schwa.
+ Example :: Old Norse /sitja/ (/to sit/ ) {{{phon(sitjɑ )}}} > Old Eittlandic
{{{phon(sitjə)}}}
#+html : ::: tip Example
Old Norse /sitja/ (/to sit/ ) {{{phon(sitjɑ )}}} > Old Eittlandic {{{phon(sitjə)}}}
#+html : :::
*** Vː / _# > ə
When at the end of a word, long unaccented vowels get weakened into a
schwa.
+ Example :: Old Norse /erþó/ (as though) {{{phon(erθoː )}}} > Late Old
Eittlandic {{{phon(erθə)}}} .
#+html : ::: tip Example
Old Norse /erþó/ (as though) {{{phon(erθoː )}}} > Late Old Eittlandic
{{{phon(erθə)}}} .
#+html : :::
Notice how in the modern orthography the «ó» didn’ t get lost, unlike
with the previous rule. Unlike the schwa from the previous rule, the
@ -103,8 +113,10 @@ when beginning or preceding a vowel transformed it from {{{phon(g)}}} in
Proto-Norse to {{{phon(ɣ )}}} in Old Eittlandic to {{{phon(j)}}} in Early Modern
Eittlandic.
+ Example :: Old Norse /gauð/ (a barking) {{{phon(gɑ uð)}}} > Early Middle
Eittlandic /gauð/ (a barking, a quarrel) {{{phon(jɑ uð)}}} .
#+html : ::: tip Example
Old Norse /gauð/ (a barking) {{{phon(gɑ uð)}}} > Early Middle Eittlandic /gauð/
(a barking, a quarrel) {{{phon(jɑ uð)}}} .
#+html : :::
This is the first rule of the g/j-shift along with the three next
rules, marking the passage from Old Eittlandic to Middle Eittlandic.
@ -113,8 +125,10 @@ rules, marking the passage from Old Eittlandic to Middle Eittlandic.
The exception to the above rule is the «g» remains a hard {{{phon(g)}}} when
followed by an «l» in which case {{{phon(gl)}}} becomes {{{phon(gʲ)}}} .
+ Example :: Old Norse /óglaðr/ (sad, moody) {{{phon(oː ɡ lɑ ðr̩)}}} > Early
Middle Eittlandic /óglaðr/ (very sad, miserable) {{{phon(oː ɡ ʲɑ ðr̩)}}}
#+html : ::: tip Example
Old Norse /óglaðr/ (sad, moody) {{{phon(oː ɡ lɑ ðr̩)}}} > Early Middle Eittlandic
/óglaðr/ (very sad, miserable) {{{phon(oː ɡ ʲɑ ðr̩)}}}
#+html : :::
*** d g n s t / _j > C[+palat]
Another exception to the [[file:./phonology.md#g-v-%E2%81%A3-v-ɣ ][lenition of {{{phon(ɡ )}}} ]] is it remained until the
@ -136,42 +150,51 @@ conversion table given by the table below.
Note this is also applicable to devoiced consonants [[file:phonology#c-h-c-voice ][described above ]].
+ Example ::
- Early Old Norse /djúp/ (/deep/ ) {{{phon(djuː p)}}} > Middle Eittlandic /djúp/
#+html : ::: tip Example
- Early Old Norse /djúp/ (/deep/ ) {{{phon(djuː p)}}} > Middle Eittlandic /djúp/
(/deep, profound/ ) {{{phon(dʒuː p)}}}
- Early Old Norse /gjøf/ (/gift/ ) {{{phon(gjøf)}}} > Early Middle Eittlandic
- Early Old Norse /gjøf/ (/gift/ ) {{{phon(gjøf)}}} > Early Middle Eittlandic
{{{phon(jøf)}}}
- Early Old Norse /snjór/ (/snow/ ) {{{phon(snjoː r)}}} > Middle Eittlandic
- Early Old Norse /snjór/ (/snow/ ) {{{phon(snjoː r)}}} > Middle Eittlandic
{{{phon(sɲoː r)}}}
- Early Old Norse /hnjósa/ (/to sneeze/ ) {{{phon(hnjoː sɑ )}}} > Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(ɲ̥oː s)}}}
- Early Old Norse /sjá/ (/to see/ ) {{{phon(sjɑ ː )}}} > Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(ʃɑː)}}}
- Early Old Norse /skilja/ (/to understand, to distinguish/ )
{{{phon(skiljɑ )}}} > Early Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(ʃkiljə)}}}
- Old Eittlandic /sitja/ (/to sit/ ) {{{phon(sitjə)}}} > Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(sitʃə)}}}
- Early Old Norse /hnjósa/ (/to sneeze/ ) {{{phon(hnjoː sɑ )}}} > Middle Eittlandic
{{{phon(ɲ̥oː s)}}}
- Early Old Norse /sjá/ (/to see/ ) {{{phon(sjɑ ː )}}} > Middle Eittlandic
{{{phon(ʃɑː)}}}
- Early Old Norse /skilja/ (/to understand, to distinguish/ ) {{{phon(skiljɑ )}}}
> Early Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(ʃkiljə)}}}
- Old Eittlandic /sitja/ (/to sit/ ) {{{phon(sitjə)}}} > Middle Eittlandic
{{{phon(sitʃə)}}}
#+html : :::
*** j > jə / _#
With the appearance of word-final {{{phon(j)}}} , and epenthtetic {{{phon(ə)}}}
appeared due to the phonological rule forbidding word-final consonant
clusters to end with a {{{phon(j)}}} .
+ Example :: Early Old Norse /berg/ (/rock/ , /boulder/ ) {{{phon(berɡ )}}} > Middle
Eittlandic /berg/ {{{phon(berjə)}}}
#+html : ::: tip Example
Early Old Norse /berg/ (/rock/ , /boulder/ ) {{{phon(berɡ )}}} > Middle Eittlandic
/berg/ {{{phon(berjə)}}}
#+html : :::
*** u / V_ > ʊ
When following another vowel, {{{phon(u)}}} becomes an {{{phon(ʊ)}}} .
+ Example :: Old Norse /kaup/ (/bargain/ ) {{{phon(kɑ up)}}} > Early Middle
Eittlandic {{{phon(kɑ ʊp)}}}
#+html : ::: tip Example
Old Norse /kaup/ (/bargain/ ) {{{phon(kɑ up)}}} > Early Middle Eittlandic
{{{phon(kɑ ʊp)}}}
#+html : :::
*** {s,z} / _C[+plos] > ʃ
If {{{phon(s)}}} or {{{phon(z)}}} precede a plosive consonant, they become
palatalized into a {{{phon(ʃ)}}} --- the distinction between «s» and «z» is
lost.
+ Example ::
- Old Norse /fiskr/ (/fish/ ) {{{phon(fiskr̩)}}} > Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(fiʃkr̩)}}}
- Early Old Norse /vizka/ (/wisdom/ ) {{{phon(βizkɑ )}}} > Middle Eittlandic
/viska/ {{{phon(βiʃk)}}}
#+html : ::: tip Example
- Old Norse /fiskr/ (/fish/ ) {{{phon(fiskr̩)}}} > Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(fiʃkr̩)}}}
- Early Old Norse /vizka/ (/wisdom/ ) {{{phon(βizkɑ )}}} > Middle Eittlandic /viska/
{{{phon(βiʃk)}}}
#+html : :::
Note that in the Modern Eittlandic orthography, the «z» is replaced
with an «s».
@ -180,32 +203,41 @@ with an «s».
When a «f» is either surrounded by voice phonemes or is preceded by a
voiced phoneme and ends a word, it gets voiced into a {{{phon(v)}}} .
+ Example :: Old Norse /úlf/ (wolf) {{{phon(uː lf)}}} > Middle Eittlandic /úlv/ {{{phon(uː lv)}}} .
#+html : ::: tip Example
Old Norse /úlf/ (wolf) {{{phon(uː lf)}}} > Middle Eittlandic /úlv/ {{{phon(uː lv)}}} .
#+html : :::
*** l / _j > ʎ
When followed by a «j», any «l» becomes a {{{phon(ʎ)}}} , merging with the
following «j».
+ Example :: Early Middle Eittlandic /skilja/ (to understand, to
distinguish) {{{phon(ʃkiljə)}}} > Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(ʃkiʎə)}}}
#+html : ::: tip Example
Early Middle Eittlandic /skilja/ (to understand, to distinguish)
{{{phon(ʃkiljə)}}} > Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(ʃkiʎə)}}}
#+html : :::
*** ɑʊ > oː
Sometime in the 15th century, any occurence of «au», pronounced by
then {{{phon(ɑʊ)}}} , began shifting to {{{phon(oː )}}} .
+ Example :: Early Middle Eittlandic /kaup/ (/bargain/ ) {{{phon(kɑ ʊp)}}} > Late
Middle Eittlandic /kaup/ (/commerce/ ) {{{phon(koː p)}}}
#+html : ::: tip Example
Early Middle Eittlandic /kaup/ (/bargain/ ) {{{phon(kɑ ʊp)}}} > Late Middle
Eittlandic /kaup/ (/commerce/ ) {{{phon(koː p)}}}
#+html : :::
*** C[+long +plos -voice] > C[+fric] ! / _C > C[+long +plos] > C[-long]
Unless followed by another consonant, any unvoiced long plosive
consonant becomes a short affricate while other long plosives simply
become shorter.
+ Example ::
- Old Norse /edda/ (great grandmother) {{{phon(edː ɑ )}}} > Late Middle Eittlandic
/edda/ (great grandmother, femalle ancestor) {{{phon(edɑ )}}}
- Old Norse /Eittland/ {{{phon(eitː lɑ nd)}}} > Late Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(eitlɑ nd)}}}
- Old Norse /uppá/ (/upon/ ) {{{phon(upː ɑ ː )}}} > Late Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(upɸə)}}}
#+html : ::: tip Example
- Old Norse /edda/ (great grandmother) {{{phon(edː ɑ )}}} > Late Middle
Eittlandic /edda/ (great grandmother, femalle ancestor) {{{phon(edɑ )}}}
- Old Norse /Eittland/ {{{phon(eitː lɑ nd)}}} > Late Middle Eittlandic
{{{phon(eitlɑ nd)}}}
- Old Norse /uppá/ (/upon/ ) {{{phon(upː ɑ ː )}}} > Late Middle Eittlandic
{{{phon(upɸə)}}}
#+html : :::
*** r > ʁ (Eastern Eittlandic)
From the beginning of the 16th century, the Eastern Eittlandic {{{phon(r)}}}
@ -214,12 +246,13 @@ began morphing into an {{{phon(ʁ)}}} in all contexts except in word-final
Eastern region of Eittland, and it can be even heard in some dialects
of Southern Eittlandic.
+ Example ::
- Old Norse /dratta/ (/to trail/ or /walk like a cow/ ) {{{phon(drɑ tʃ)}}} > Eastern Modern
Eittlandic /dratt/ (/act mindlessly/ ) {{{phon(dʁɑ tʃ)}}}
- Early Old Norse /fjárdráttr/ (/(unfairly) making money/ )
#+html : ::: tip Example
- Old Norse /dratta/ (/to trail/ or /walk like a cow/ ) {{{phon(drɑ tʃ)}}} > Eastern
Modern Eittlandic /dratt/ (/act mindlessly/ ) {{{phon(dʁɑ tʃ)}}}
- Early Old Norse /fjárdráttr/ (/(unfairly) making money/ )
{{{phon(fjɑ ː drɑ ː tː r̩)}}} > Eastern Modern Eittlandic /fjárdráttr/ (/to scam/ )
{{{phon(fjɛʁdʁɛtr̩)}}}
#+html : :::
*** Great Vowel Shift
The great vowel shift happened during the 16th and 17th century during
@ -248,15 +281,19 @@ As you can see, some overlap is possible from Old Norse vowels and
Modern Eittlandic vowels. For instance, Eittlanders will read «é» and
«á» both as an {{{phon(ɛ̀)}}} .
+ Examples ::
- Middle Eittlandic /sjá/ (/to see/ ) {{{phon(ʃɑː)}}} > Modern Eittlandic {{{phon(ʃɛ̀)}}}
- Old Norse /fé/ (/cattle/ ) {{{phon(feː )}}} > Modern Eittlandic /fé/ (wealth) {{{phon(fɛ̀)}}}
- Late Proto-Norse /hví/ (/why/ ) {{{phon(hʷiː )}}} > Modern Eittlandic {{{phon(ʍè)}}}
- Old Norse /bók/ (/beech/ , /book/ ) {{{phon(boː k)}}} > Modern Eittlandic (/book/ )
#+html : ::: tip Example
- Middle Eittlandic /sjá/ (/to see/ ) {{{phon(ʃɑː)}}} > Modern Eittlandic
{{{phon(ʃɛ̀)}}}
- Old Norse /fé/ (/cattle/ ) {{{phon(feː )}}} > Modern Eittlandic /fé/ (wealth)
{{{phon(fɛ̀)}}}
- Late Proto-Norse /hví/ (/why/ ) {{{phon(hʷiː )}}} > Modern Eittlandic {{{phon(ʍè)}}}
- Old Norse /bók/ (/beech/ , /book/ ) {{{phon(boː k)}}} > Modern Eittlandic (/book/ )
{{{phon(bɔ̀k)}}}
- Early Old Norse /œgir/ (/frightener/ , /terrifier/ ) {{{phon(øː ɡ ir)}}} > Modern
- Early Old Norse /œgir/ (/frightener/ , /terrifier/ ) {{{phon(øː ɡ ir)}}} > Modern
Eittlandic /Œgir/ (a kind of mythical beast) {{{phon(œ̀jir)}}}
- Middle Eittlandic /úlv/ (/wolf/ ) {{{phon(uː lv)}}} > Modern Eittlandic {{{phon(òlv)}}}
- Middle Eittlandic /úlv/ (/wolf/ ) {{{phon(uː lv)}}} > Modern Eittlandic
{{{phon(òlv)}}}
#+html : :::
Diphthongs also evolved following these rules:
- {{{phon(ei)}}} > {{{phon(ɑ ɪ )}}}
@ -268,11 +305,6 @@ nasalizing its vowels aside from Southern Eittland (see below),
although the timeframe regarding this evolution is very much unclear
and it might have happened as early as during the 13th century.
*** rɡ > ʁ (Southeastern Eittlandic)
In Southeastern Eittlandic, in the area around Hylfjaltr, the phonemes
{{{phon(r)}}} and {{{phon(ɡ )}}} assimilated each other into a {{{phon(ʁ)}}} , affecting
words such as /myrgun/ pronounced then as {{{phon(myʁun)}}} .
*** ə[-long] / C_# > ∅
As described in the [[file:./phonology.md#vː -ə ][weakening of final long vowels ]], the schwa
resulting from it kept its long vowel feature, although it wasn’ t
@ -284,54 +316,17 @@ and long vowels in Eittlandic. This distinction is however unmarked
when written in Standard Eittlandic due to the spelling dropping the
final vowels affected here.
+ Example :: Middle Eittlandic (to understand, to distinguish)
{{{phon(ʃkiʎə)}}} > Late Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(ʃkiː ʎ)}}}
*** VN / _ > Ṽ[-tense] ! V[+high] (Southern Eittlandic)
When preceding a nasal, any vowel that is not high as determined by
the vowel tree in [[*Vowel Inventory ][Vowel Inventory ]] gets nasalized when preceding a
nasal consonant and loses its tenseness if it has any. Hence, the
pronunciation of the «a» in /Eittland/ is {{{phon(ã)}}} . However, Old Norse
/runa/ (rune) {{{phon(runɑ )}}} becomes /run/ (letter, character, rune) {{{phon(run)}}}
without any nasalization.
Note this evolution is mostly proeminent in the southern regions of
Eittland and the city of Hundraðskip. It is less often documented in
Eastern Eittland and almost undocumented in Western Eittland. It is
more often documented in casual conversation buch rarer in formal
conversation, especially when the majority of the speakers in a group
are not southerners.
#+html : ::: tip Example
Middle Eittlandic (to understand, to distinguish) {{{phon(ʃkiʎə)}}} > Late
Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(ʃkiː ʎ)}}}
#+html : :::
*** t / _C > ʔ ! _ʃ
When a {{{phon(t)}}} precedes another consonant, it becomes a glottal stop.
+ Example :: Early Modern Eittlandic /Eittland/ {{{phon(ɑ ɪ tlɑ nd)}}} > Modern
Eittlandic {{{phon(ɑ ɪ ʔ lɑ nd)}}}
*** V^{U} > ə ! diphthongs (Western Eittlandic)
A recent evolution in Western Eittland is weakening any unstressed
vowel that is not a diphthong to a schwa. It is only documented in
casual speech but almost never in formal speech.
+ Example ::
- Standard Eittlandic /ádreif/ (spray) {{{phon(ɛ̀drɑ ɪ v)}}} > Western Casual
Eittlandic {{{phon(ɛ̀drɑ ɪ v)}}}
- Standard Eittlandic /einlægr/ (/sincere/ ) {{{phon(ɑ ɪ nlæɡ r)}}} > Western
Casual Eittlandic {{{phon(ɑ ɪ nləɡ r)}}}
*** ɣ > h (Urban Eittlandic)
Since around the middle of the 20th century, urban Eittlandic started
leniting any {{{phon(ɣ )}}} into a {{{phon(h)}}} .
+ Example :: Standard Eittlandic /djúplig/ {{{phon(dʒòpliɣ )}}} > urban
Eittlandic {{{phon(dʒòplih)}}}
In urban areas North of Ðeberget, word-final {{{phon(h)}}} resulting from
this evolution tends to get completely dropped since around the 90s.
+ Example :: Standard Eittlandic /djúplig/ {{{phon(dʒòpliɣ )}}} > urban
Eittlandic {{{phon(dʒòplih)}}} > Northwestern Urban Eittlandic
{{{phon(dʒòpli)}}}
#+html : ::: tip Example
Early Modern Eittlandic /Eittland/ {{{phon(ɑ ɪ tlɑ nd)}}} > Modern Eittlandic {{{phon(ɑ ɪ ʔ lɑ nd)}}}
#+html : :::
** Vowel Inventory
Modern Eittlandic has a total of ten simple vowels and three
@ -343,7 +338,7 @@ have existed in Old Norse has been most likely lost early on during
Eittlandic’ s evolution, leaving room for the current one. The first
table below lists the Eittlandic simple vowels while the second table
lists the Eittlandic diphthongs. Note that the contrast by length or
tone is not listed in the table,
tone is not listed in the table.
#+name : tab:vow:ipa
#+caption : Vowel inventory of Modern Eittlandic
@ -375,21 +370,98 @@ tone is not listed in the table,
graph{graph[dpi=300,bgcolor= "transparent"];node[shape=plaintext];"vowels-0ju80zwg7uit"[label= "vowels"];"+high-0ju80zwg7ujg"[label="+high"];"vowels-0ju80zwg7uit"--"+high-0ju80zwg7ujg";"+round-0ju80zwg7ukn"[label= "+round"];"+high-0ju80zwg7ujg"--"+round-0ju80zwg7ukn";"+front-0ju80zwg7uli"[label="+front"];"+round-0ju80zwg7ukn"--"+front-0ju80zwg7uli";"/y/-0ju80zwg7ume"[label= "/y/ "];"+front-0ju80zwg7uli"--"/y/ -0ju80zwg7ume";"-front-0ju80zwg7uls"[label="-front"];"+round-0ju80zwg7ukn"--"-front-0ju80zwg7uls";"/u/-0ju80zwg7un4"[label= "/u/ "];"-front-0ju80zwg7uls"--"/u/ -0ju80zwg7un4";"-round-0ju80zwg7ukw"[label="-round"];"+high-0ju80zwg7ujg"--"-round-0ju80zwg7ukw";"/i/-0ju80zwg7unw"[label= "/i/ "];"-round-0ju80zwg7ukw"--"/i/ -0ju80zwg7unw";"-high-0ju80zwg7ujs"[label="-high"];"vowels-0ju80zwg7uit"--"-high-0ju80zwg7ujs";"+round-0ju80zwg7uon"[label= "+round"];"-high-0ju80zwg7ujs"--"+round-0ju80zwg7uon";"+tense-0ju80zwg7uph"[label="+tense"];"+round-0ju80zwg7uon"--"+tense-0ju80zwg7uph";"+front-0ju80zwg7uq9"[label= "+front"];"+tense-0ju80zwg7uph"--"+front-0ju80zwg7uq9";"/ø/ -0ju80zwg7ur2"[label="/ø/"];"+front-0ju80zwg7uq9"--"/ø/-0ju80zwg7ur2";"-front-0ju80zwg7uqk"[label= "-front"];"+tense-0ju80zwg7uph"--"-front-0ju80zwg7uqk";"/o/ -0ju80zwg7urs"[label="/o/"];"-front-0ju80zwg7uqk"--"/o/-0ju80zwg7urs";"-tense-0ju80zwg7upp"[label= "-tense"];"+round-0ju80zwg7uon"--"-tense-0ju80zwg7upp";"+low-0ju80zwg7usp"[label="+low"];"-tense-0ju80zwg7upp"--"+low-0ju80zwg7usp";"/œ/-0ju80zwg7uth"[label= "/œ/ "];"+low-0ju80zwg7usp"--"/œ/ -0ju80zwg7uth";"-low-0ju80zwg7usz"[label="-low"];"-tense-0ju80zwg7upp"--"-low-0ju80zwg7usz";"/ɔ/-0ju80zwg7uu6"[label= "/ɔ/ "];"-low-0ju80zwg7usz"--"/ɔ/ -0ju80zwg7uu6";"-round-0ju80zwg7uoy"[label="-round"];"-high-0ju80zwg7ujs"--"-round-0ju80zwg7uoy";"+tense-0ju80zwg7uv2"[label= "+tense"];"-round-0ju80zwg7uoy"--"+tense-0ju80zwg7uv2";"/e/ -0ju80zwg7uvv"[label="/e/"];"+tense-0ju80zwg7uv2"--"/e/-0ju80zwg7uvv";"-tense-0ju80zwg7uvd"[label= "-tense"];"-round-0ju80zwg7uoy"--"-tense-0ju80zwg7uvd";"+low-0ju80zwg7uwl"[label="+low"];"-tense-0ju80zwg7uvd"--"+low-0ju80zwg7uwl";"/ɑ /-0ju80zwg7uxc"[label= "/ɑ / "];"+low-0ju80zwg7uwl"--"/ɑ / -0ju80zwg7uxc";"-low-0ju80zwg7uwv"[label="-low"];"-tense-0ju80zwg7uvd"--"-low-0ju80zwg7uwv";"/ɛ/-0ju80zwg7uy0"[label= "/ɛ/ "];"-low-0ju80zwg7uwv"--"/ɛ/ -0ju80zwg7uy0";}
#+end_src
#+html : <ImgFigure src="/img/eittlandic/vowel-feature-tree.png" alt="Eittlandic Vowel Featural Tree"> Eittlandic Vowels Featural Tree </ImgFigure>
#+html : <ImgFigure src="/img/eittlandic/vowel-feature-tree.png" alt="Eittlandic Vowel Featural Tree"> Featural tree of Eittlandic vowels </ImgFigure>
- a {{{phon(ɑ )}}} ::
- á {{{phon(ɛ̀)}}} ::
- æ {{{phon(ɛ)}}} ::
- e {{{phon(e)}}} ::
- é {{{phon(ɛ̀)}}} ::
- i {{{phon(i)}}} ::
- í {{{phon(è)}}} ::
- o {{{phon(o)}}} ::
- ó {{{phon(ɔ̀)}}} ::
- u {{{phon(u)}}} ::
- ú {{{phon(ò)}}} ::
- y {{{phon(y)}}} ::
- ý {{{phon(ø̀)}}} ::
Here is a quick guide regarding the pronunciation of these vowels:
- a {{{phon(ɑ )}}} :: as in General American English “hot” with a high tone
- á {{{phon(ɛ̀)}}} :: as in General American English “bed” with a low tone
- æ {{{phon(ɛ)}}} :: as in General American English “bed” with a high tone
- e {{{phon(e)}}} :: as in French “été” or General American English “may”
with a high tone
- é {{{phon(ɛ̀)}}} :: see {{{phon(æ)}}}
- i {{{phon(i)}}} :: as in English “free” with a high tone
- í {{{phon(è)}}} :: as in French “été” or General American English “may”
with a low tone
- o {{{phon(o)}}} :: as in French “beau” or Cockney English “yawn” with a
high tone
- ó {{{phon(ɔ̀)}}} :: as in General American English “thought” with a low
tone
- u {{{phon(u)}}} :: as in French “mou” or General American English “boot”
with a high tone
- ú {{{phon(ò)}}} :: as in French “beau” or Cockney English “yawn” with a
low tone
- y {{{phon(y)}}} :: as in French “lune” with a high tone
- ý {{{phon(ø̀)}}} :: as in French “deux” with a low tone
- œ/ǿ {{{phon(œ)}}} :: as in French “neuf” with a low tone
- ei {{{phon(ɑ ɪ )}}} :: as in English “I”
- au {{{phon(ɔʊ)}}} :: similar to Canadian “ow” or in General American
English “bow”, but more open
- ey {{{phon(œʏ)}}} :: as if it were “œy” but more open
Eittlandic also has a second vowel inventory dedicated to unstressed
vowels. While the one described above describes all vowels found in
stressed positions, the unstressed inventory is much lighter.
#+name : tab:vow:unstressed
#+caption : Unstressed Vowels in Eittlandic
| <r> | <c> | <c> |
| | front | back |
|------+-------+------|
| -low | i/e | u/o |
| +low | (œ) | a |
#+name : vow-unstressed-dot-gen
#+header : :var vowels=vowels-unstressed-featural-list
#+begin_src emacs-lisp :wrap "src dot :file eittlandic/vowel-unstressed-feature-tree.png :results none :eval no-export"
(conlanging-graphviz-feature-tree vowels :label "vowels")
#+end_src
#+RESULTS[3d73fac1ce2ba93b214df135c8a1c8d7058b8a58]: vow-unstressed-dot-gen
#+begin_src dot :file eittlandic/vowel-unstressed-feature-tree.png :results none :eval no-export
graph{graph[dpi=300,bgcolor= "transparent"];node[shape=plaintext];"vowels-0jyo0gw23vjp"[label= "vowels"];"+low-0jyo0gw23vk7"[label="+low"];"vowels-0jyo0gw23vjp"--"+low-0jyo0gw23vk7";"+round-0jyo0gw23vkx"[label= "+round"];"+low-0jyo0gw23vk7"--"+round-0jyo0gw23vkx";"/œ/ -0jyo0gw23vli"[label="/œ/"];"+round-0jyo0gw23vkx"--"/œ/-0jyo0gw23vli";"-round-0jyo0gw23vl5"[label= "-round"];"+low-0jyo0gw23vk7"--"-round-0jyo0gw23vl5";"/ɑ / -0jyo0gw23vm8"[label="/ɑ /"];"-round-0jyo0gw23vl5"--"/ɑ /-0jyo0gw23vm8";"-low-0jyo0gw23vkf"[label= "-low"];"vowels-0jyo0gw23vjp"--"-low-0jyo0gw23vkf";"+front-0jyo0gw23vms"[label="+front"];"-low-0jyo0gw23vkf"--"+front-0jyo0gw23vms";"+high-0jyo0gw23vnb"[label= "+high"];"+front-0jyo0gw23vms"--"+high-0jyo0gw23vnb";"/i/ -0jyo0gw23vnv"[label="/i/"];"+high-0jyo0gw23vnb"--"/i/-0jyo0gw23vnv";"-high-0jyo0gw23vnj"[label= "-high"];"+front-0jyo0gw23vms"--"-high-0jyo0gw23vnj";"/e/ -0jyo0gw23vob"[label="/e/"];"-high-0jyo0gw23vnj"--"/e/-0jyo0gw23vob";"-front-0jyo0gw23vmz"[label= "-front"];"-low-0jyo0gw23vkf"--"-front-0jyo0gw23vmz";"+high-0jyo0gw23vot"[label="+high"];"-front-0jyo0gw23vmz"--"+high-0jyo0gw23vot";"/u/-0jyo0gw23vpd"[label= "/u/ "];"+high-0jyo0gw23vot"--"/u/ -0jyo0gw23vpd";"-high-0jyo0gw23vp0"[label="-high"];"-front-0jyo0gw23vmz"--"-high-0jyo0gw23vp0";"/o/-0jyo0gw23vpt"[label= "/o/ "];"-high-0jyo0gw23vp0"--"/o/ -0jyo0gw23vpt";}
#+end_src
#+html : <ImgFigure src="/img/eittlandic/vowel-unstressed-feature-tree.png" alt="Eittlandic Vowel Featural Tree">Featural tree of unstressed Eittlandic vowels</ImgFigure>
As shown in the table above, «i» and «e», «u» and «o», and «a» and
{{{phon(œ)}}} are considered as allophones in unstressed positions. Their
pronunciation is based on the vowel harmony spread forward by the
preceding stressed vowel.
Regarding the first two pairs, in case a vowel is not preceded by a
stressed vowel, then the first one will spread its vowel harmony
backward. Vowel harmony follows the /±high/ feature of stressed vowels,
meaning a stressed vowel with a /+high/ feature will be always followed
by either {{{phon(e)}}} or {{{phon(o)}}} .
The unstressed vowel «a» on the other hand follows the same vowel
harmony principles following the /±round/ phonological feature, morphing
into {{{phon(œ)}}} if the stressed vowel influencing it is rounded.
When writing in Standard Eittlandic, the vowel written in unstressed
position will follow its pronunciation, but when written in other
dialects, it may follow the historical spelling. The grapheme of
unstressed «a» becomes «œ» only in Standard Eittlandic, otherwise it
won’ t change in other dialects.
Note the features borne by the diphthongs:
- ei :: /+high -round/
- au :: /-high +round/ , same as «ó»
- ey :: same as «ei»
#+html : ::: tip Example
- djúplig :: {{{phon(dʒòpleɣ )}}} , the {{{phon(o)}}} morphed the unstressed {{{phon(i)}}} into an {{{phon(e)}}}
- pengvin :: {{{phon(peŋβen)}}} , the {{{phon(e)}}} morphed the unstressed {{{phon(i)}}} into an {{{phon(e)}}}
- øfund :: {{{phon(øvond)}}} , the {{{phon(ø)}}} morphed the unstressed {{{phon(u)}}} into an {{{phon(o)}}}
- vótnum :: {{{phon(βɔ̀tnom)}}} , the {{{phon(ɔ̀)}}} morphed the unstressed {{{phon(u)}}} into an {{{phon(o)}}}
- ofan :: {{{phon(ovœn)}}} , the {{{phon(o)}}} morphed the unstressed {{{phon(ɑ )}}} into an {{{phon(œ)}}}
- bókar :: {{{phon(bɔ̀kœr)}}} , the {{{phon(ɔ̀)}}} morphed the unstressed {{{phon(ɑ )}}} into an {{{phon(œ)}}}
#+html : :::
#+html : ::: warning But
- fiskum :: {{{phon(fiskum)}}}
- feðar :: {{{phon(feðar)}}}
#+html : :::
*** Private Data :noexport:
#+name : vowels-featural-list
@ -407,6 +479,15 @@ graph{graph[dpi=300,bgcolor="transparent"];node[shape=plaintext];"vowels-0ju80zw
("low" "/ɑ / " "/ɛ/ "))))
#+end_src
#+name : vowels-unstressed-featural-list
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
'("low"
("round" "/œ/ " "/ɑ / ")
("front"
("high" "/i/ " "/e/ ")
("high" "/u/ " "/o/ ")))
#+end_src
** Consonant Inventory
/Under construction/
@ -438,14 +519,40 @@ with their own accent. These three main dialects are Eastern
Eittlandic spoken in the majority Kingdom of Hylfjaltr, Western
Eittlandic spoken in the majority of the Kingdom of Ðeberget, and
Southern Eittlandic spoken on the southern parts of the island,
regardess of the legal kingdom (see the map shown in [[file:./country.md#culture ][Culture ]]). Three
main elements of their respective accent were presented above in [[file:./phonology.md#*r > ʁ (Eastern Eittlandic)][the
Eastern uvularization of «r»]], [[file:./phonology.md#*VN / _ » Ṽ\[-tense\] ! V\[+high\] (Southern Eittlandic)][the Southern nasalization of vowels]]
and [[file:/phonology.md#vu-»-ə-diphthongs-western-eittlandic ][the Western weakening of unstressed vowels ]].
regardess of the legal kingdom (see the map shown in [[file:./country.md#culture ][Culture ]]). These
dialects are further divided into other dialects, such as the dialect
spoken around Hylfjaltr differing from the dialect spoken in the
neighbour town of Tvinnár, or the dialect spoken in Ðeberget differing
from the dialect spoken in the nearby city of Kóparvall.
Some regional variation can be also found in these dialects, although
less significant and less consistantly than the changes mentioned
above. As such, we can find in some rural parts of the Eastern
Additional minor dialect exist, as Northeastern or Northwestern
Eittlandic do exist, but most of these are considered as endengered as
they are spoken mostly by older folk. Interestingly, younger
Eittlanders living in Northern Eittland are beginning to speak a new
dialect commonly referred to as /Teveseittlandsk/ (“TV Eittlandic”) or
/Internetseittlandsk/ (/Internet’ s Eittlandic/ ). While it may have some
regional variation regarding its vocabulary, its grammar and
pronunciation tend to merge both Western and Eastern Eittlandic into a
common dialect resembling in some aspects urban Eittlandic.
*** Western Eittlandic
**** V^{U} > ə ! diphthongs
Recently, Western Eittlandic evolved a weakening of all of its
unstressed vowels that are not diphthongs, transforming them into
schwas. It is only documented in casual speech but almost never in
formal speech.
#+html : ::: tip Example
- Standard Eittlandic /ádreif/ (spray) {{{phon(ɛ̀drɑ ɪ v)}}} > Western Casual
Eittlandic {{{phon(ɛ̀drɑ ɪ v)}}}
- Standard Eittlandic /einlægr/ (/sincere/ ) {{{phon(ɑ ɪ nlæɡ r)}}} > Western Casual
Eittlandic {{{phon(ɑ ɪ nləɡ r)}}}
#+html : :::
*** Eastern Eittlandic
**** Great Vowel Shift variation
When the [[file:./phonology.md#great-vowel-shift ][Great Vowel Shift ]] happened, not all regions were affected the
same. As such, we can find in some rural parts of the Eastern
Eittlandic dialect area high vowels slightly more open than their
equivalent in Standard Eittlandic, as shown in table below.
#+name : vow:accent:east
@ -457,5 +564,63 @@ equivalent in Standard Eittlandic, as shown in table below.
| {{{phon(y)}}} | {{{phon(ʏ )}}} |
| {{{phon(u)}}} | {{{phon(ʊ)}}} |
On the other hand, Southern Eittlandic tends to front its {{{phon(ɑ )}}} into
{{{phon(a)}}} after nasal consonants and glides and into {{{phon(ɐ)}}} otherwise.
*** Southeastern Eittlandic
**** rg > ʁ
Some time after the [[file:./phonology.md#great-vowel-shift ][Great Vowel Shift ]], the phonemes {{{phon(r)}}} and
{{{phon(g)}}} began assimilating with one another, with an initial evolution
as {{{phon(ɣ ɡ )}}} which eventually led to a pronunciation of «rg» as
{{{phon(ʁ)}}} . For instance, the word /myrgun/ , pronounced {{{phon(myrɡ un)}}} in
Standard Eittlandic, is prononced as {{{phon(mʏ ʁː ʊn)}}} in Southeastern
Eittlandic.
**** Ø > ʁ / V#_V
A recent evolution in Southern Eittlandic seems to highlight a
tendency for rhoticism in this dialect, as a prothesis of {{{phon(ʁ)}}}
appears to occur at the beginning of words beginning with vowels,
especially between words ending and beginning with a vowel.
#+html : ::: tip Example
- Sentence :: Ek em frá Auðfrýriboll
- Translation :: I am from Auðfrýriboll
- Standard Eittlandic :: {{{phon(ek em frɛ̀ ɔʊðfrø̀ribolː )}}}
- Southeastern Eittlandic :: {{{phon(ek em frɛ̀ ʁɔʊðfrø̀ribolː )}}}
#+html : :::
*** Southern Eittlandic
**** ɑ > a / {C[+nas],C[-cons]}_ and ɑ > ɐ
Southern Eittlandic tends to front its {{{phon(ɑ )}}} into {{{phon(a)}}} after
nasal consonants and glides and into {{{phon(ɐ)}}} otherwise.
**** VN / _ > Ṽ[-tense] ! V[+high] (Southern Eittlandic)
When preceding a nasal, any vowel that is not high as determined by
the vowel tree in [[*Vowel Inventory ][Vowel Inventory ]] gets nasalized when preceding a
nasal consonant and loses its tenseness if it has any. Hence, the
pronunciation of the «a» in /Eittland/ is {{{phon(ã)}}} . However, Old Norse
/runa/ (rune) {{{phon(runɑ )}}} becomes /run/ (letter, character, rune) {{{phon(run)}}}
without any nasalization.
Note this evolution is mostly proeminent in the southern regions of
Eittland and the city of Hundraðskip. It is less often documented in
Eastern Eittland and almost undocumented in Western Eittland. It is
more often documented in casual conversation buch rarer in formal
conversation, especially when the majority of the speakers in a group
are not southerners.
*** Urban Eittlandic
**** ɣ > h (Urban Eittlandic)
Since around the middle of the 20th century, urban Eittlandic started
leniting any {{{phon(ɣ )}}} into a {{{phon(h)}}} .
#+html : ::: tip Example
Standard Eittlandic /djúplig/ {{{phon(dʒòpliɣ )}}} > urban Eittlandic
{{{phon(dʒòplih)}}}
#+html : :::
In urban areas North of Ðeberget, word-final {{{phon(h)}}} resulting from
this evolution tends to get completely dropped since around the 90s.
#+html : ::: tip Example
Standard Eittlandic /djúplig/ {{{phon(dʒòpliɣ )}}} > urban Eittlandic
{{{phon(dʒòplih)}}} > Northwestern Urban Eittlandic {{{phon(dʒòpli)}}}
#+html : :::