set title "Country of Origin of Religious Refugees"
set title boxed offset 0,-3 font ",15"
set style fill solid border lt -1
set style textbox opaque noborder
set boxwidth 1.0 absolute
unset key
set yrange [0:45]
set grid y
set ylabel "Percentage"
set border 3
set style data histograms
set style histogram cluster gap 1
set style fill solid border -1
set boxwidth 0.9
set xtic rotate by -45 scale 0
plot data u 2:xtic(1)
#+end_src
#+html: <ImgFigure src="/img/eittlandic/religious-refugees.png">Breakdown of the country or region of origin of religious refugees in the 1500s</ImgFigure>
With the beginning of colonization of Northern America, Eittland
became a naval hotspot. Its position allowed ships to cut in half
their journey if necessary and replenish their supplies. England and
the Netherlands were the first countries to halt in Eittland for such
reasons, participating in an important economic boom in the early 16th
century on a national scale. France later joined this trade route
starting in 1619 when going to their colonies in modern-day Canada.
On the 30th of March 1775, England demanded from Eittland a port to be
used as a military port as part of their war effort during the
American revolution. Eittland refused these demands, invoking a
neutrality concerning the ongoing conflict. In response, England sent
an ultimatum, asking the port of Vátrsteinn to be their military base.
On Eittland’s second refusal, England declared war and launched a land
invasion of the island. The general in charge of the invasion, Sir
Andrew Sapping, decided to avoid landing in fjords, judging it too
risky and prone to ambushes. Instead, English troops landed in the
flatlands west of Vátrsteinn. While Eittlandic troops were massing in
the nearby town of Vestrferðaróss, a volcano erupted into a
pyroclastic flow. The English landing site being on its path, half of
the invading English forces were immediately wiped out, and two thirds
of their vessels were badly damaged or destroyed. Immediately after
this, Sir Sapping surrendered to the Eittlandic troops which were
captured as prisoners of war. Due to this defeat and the sudden
reduction in available men and ships in the English army, the Treaty
of Hylfjaltr was signed on the 25 of May of the same year. While
England recognized its defeat, Eittland promised not to intervene on
any side in the current rebellion of the American colonies (which was
not the intent of Eittland in the first place).
After the independence of the United States of America, Eittland not
only retained its status as a maritime hotspot but also boomed as one
between Northern America and Europe. Its ports of Kóparváll and
Tvinnár, near Ðeberget and Hylfjaltr respectively, became the two
major ports in Eittland, with Tvinnár generally favoured by ships
coming from Europe and Kóparváll favoured by ships coming from
Northern America.
*** Industrial Revolution and Constitutional Monarchy (18th century)
By the beginning of the 18th century, Eittland begins to heavily
industrialize out of a need for larger and more effective ports,
requiring themselves lots of various machinery and base materials.
Mines in Western Eittland became much more active, extracting primary
resources such as iron, aluminium and other precious metals.
Due to a lack of coal in the Eittlandic island, the country had to buy
it from other countries such as the United Kingdom, the United States
or modern-day Canada. Coal stayed the primary source of power in
Eittland for most of the century up to around the 1880s when Eittland
found deposits off its Eastern coast. Oil extraction remains to this
day a significant part of the Eittlandic economy, although in decline
due to the deposits progressively drying up.
Industrial development mostly happened in Eastern Eittland due to its
flatter terrain compared to Western Eittland. Primary resources
extracted from Western Eittland were primarily brought to factories by
boat; although the country pushed towards building train tracks, the
eastern and western parts of the country remained separated due to the
frequent eruptions of the volcanoes in the central part of the island
cutting off any attempt to link the two regions.
Fishing also developed as a significant activity in Eittland, most of
its products was sold within Eittland for its people and only a small
portion became available for international market. Nonetheless,
Eittlandic fish slowly built a reputation of quality and became sought
after by Northern American and Western European elites. In 1895, fish
and seafood exports represented 35.3% of Eittland’s exports.
In 1826, the country underwent a change in its government, going from
an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy. More details in
#+caption: First and second person pronouns in Eittlandic
| | 1s | 2s | 1p | 2s |
| | 1s | 2s | 1p | 2p |
|-----+-----+-----+-----+-----|
| Nom | ek | þú | vér | ér |
| Acc | mik | þik | oss | yðr |
@ -129,11 +129,11 @@ or /theirs/.
# - What are the structural properties of verbs?
# - What are the major subclasses of verbs?
# - Describe the order of various verbal operators within the verbal
# - word or verb phrase.
# word or verb phrase.
# - Give charts of the tense/aspect/mode, etc. Indicate major
# allomorphic variants.
# allomorphic variants.
# - Are directional and/or locational notions expressed in the verb or
# - verb phrase at all?
# verb phrase at all?
# - Is this operation obligatory, i.e. does one member of the
# paradigm have to occur in every finite verb or verb phrase?
# - Is it productiv
@ -155,16 +155,339 @@ simplification on one hand, making the verb endings a lot more regular
and predictable, and complexification with the addition of new moods
and tenses.
**** Infinitive
The infinitive form of verbs in Eittlandic is generally used when the
verbal phrase it is part of is treated as the object of another
phrase, similarly to how infinitive works in other Nordic languages or
English. For instance, “he likes to eat” translates to “hann líkar
eta” ({{{phon(hanː lèkar̩ et)}}}), where “eta” is the object of the verbs
“líkar”. This form is the one given in the dictionary and undergoes no
inflexion.
**** Imperative
The imperative has the same form as the infinitive in Eittlandic. The
evolution of the Eittlandic language made it lose the second singular
and plural distinction, leaving the same form for both. Eittlandic
verbs also evolved in such a way most, if not all, of them have the
same form as their infinitive counterpart.
#+html: ::: tip Example
- Et matin þín
Eat your food!
| et | mat-inn | þín |
| eat.IMP | food-DEF.ACC | 2s.GEN |
- Et matin yðr
Eat your food!
| et | mat-inn | yðr |
| eat.IMP | food-DEF.ACC | 2p.GEN |
#+html: :::
**** Participles
Formation of participles is relatively simple in Eittlandic is pretty
simple, as it simply adds /-and/ and /-it/ to the verbal root of the verb
in order to form the present participle and the past participle
respectively.
#+name: verb-participle-declension
#+caption: Formation of Eittlandic Participles
| Present Participle | -and |
| Past Participle | -it |
**** Indicative
Indicative the only non-irrealis mood available in Eittlandic. It is
used to express events or facts that are happening or happened with
certainty from the speaker’s point of view. This mood only exists for
the present, progressive, preterit, and perfect tenses. Other tenses,
such as future, exist in other moods as explained below.
The first two basic tenses are the present and past tenses. The
present tense in Eittlandic is relatively similar to the English
present tense, as it can describe what the speaker perceives as
general truths, habitual facts, events that are happening at the same
time as the time of speech, or current facts. It can also indicate
events when the English language would use the progressive mood
instead. Eittlandic does have a progressive mood of its own, though
slightly different, see [[file:./grammar.md#progressive][below]]. Lastly, it can also express near future
when other clues are available in the discourse.
#+html: ::: tip Example
- Í Eittland, vér snakk eittlandsk.
In Eittland, we speak Eittlandic.
#+html: :::
Here is how the typical verb is inflected in the indicative mood:
#+name: verb-indicative-inflexion-table
#+caption: Typical Verb Inflexion in the Indicative Mood
| <c> | | | |
| person | | Ind. Pres. | Ind. Past |
|--------+---+------------+-----------|
| 1s | | -(V)r | -t |
| 2s | | -(V)r | -t |
| 3s | | -(V)r | -t |
| 1p | | -um | -um |
| 2p | | -ið | -uð |
| 3p | | -ið | -uð |
An important feature to note is /-(V)r/ makes the underlying final vowel
of a verb appear, while it is otherwise lost in all other contexts.
For instance, the verb /lík/ becomes /líkar/ when in singular indicative
present, but /líkt/ when in singular indicative past.
Here are the indicative present declensions of the verbs /far(a)/ (/to
go/, a strong verb), and /berja/ (/to beat/, a weak verb):
#+name: verb-inflexion-ind-example
#+caption: Indicative present inflexion of /far(a)/ and /berja/
| person | | far | berja |
|--------+---+-------+--------|
| 1s | | ferar | berjar |
| 2s | | ferar | berjar |
| 3s | | ferar | berjar |
| 1p | | farum | berjum |
| 2p | | farið | berið |
| 3p | | farið | berið |
Note that the final vowel of /berja/ gets replaced with the vowel from
the inflexion, and the final /j/ also disappears when it is immediately
followed by an /i/.
**** Subjunctive
The subjunctive is the default irrealis mood of Eittlandic. Like the indicative mood, it has two tenses, present and past, in which verbs get inflexions. Below is the table showing how verbs typically inflect in the subjunctive mood:
#+name: verb-subjunctive-inflexion-table
#+caption: Typical Verb Inflexion in the Subjunctive Mood
| <c> | | | |
| person | | Subj. Pres. | Subj. Past |
|--------+---+-------------+------------|
| 1s | | -ir | -t |
| 2s | | -ir | -t |
| 3s | | -ir | -t |
| 1p | | -im | -um |
| 2p | | -ið | -uð |
| 3p | | -ið | -uð |
As you can see, the subjunctive past form of verbs is identical to
their indicative past form, as shown below.
#+name: verb-inflexion-past-example
#+caption: Indicative and Subjunctive Past Inflexion of /far(a)/ and /berja/
| person | | far | berja |
|--------+---+-------+--------|
| 1s | | fert | berjat |
| 2s | | fert | berjat |
| 3s | | fert | berjat |
| 1p | | farum | berjum |
| 2p | | faruð | berjuð |
| 3p | | faruð | berjuð |
**** Perfect
The perfect aspect in Eittlandic is relatively similar to the modern
past form of the language. It also uses the verbs /ver/ and /hav/ before
the verb, which both agree in number, tense, and mood instead of the
main verb which appears in its participle form. The present participle
is used when the event relates to the present or the future, while the
past participle is used when the event relates to a time in the past.
It also uses the verbs /ver/ and /hav/ before
the verb, which both agree in number, tense, and mood instead of the
main verb. The latter, on the other hand, appears in its participle
form, present or past depending on whether the action is happening or
will happen, or if it happened in the past.
#+html: ::: tip Example
- Hann haft sovin, þá kunn hann kom
He had slept, thus he could come
| han-n | haft | sov-in | þá | kunn | han-n | kom |
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