diff --git a/docs/zikãti.org b/docs/zikãti.org index 765877e..2dac6c4 100644 --- a/docs/zikãti.org +++ b/docs/zikãti.org @@ -99,7 +99,11 @@ word or when they co-occur between words, a dummy {{{phon(u)}}} is added. A word may contain one or more core roots which affixes cannot separate but which can aggregate around this word core. A word can consist of its bare core only, or the core surrounded by affixes. The -amount of prefixes and suffixes is independent from each other. +amount of prefixes and suffixes that can be possibly added is +independent from the amount of compounds forming the core of a word. + +An example is *sahlud* (/life/), which is a compound of *sah* (/spirit, mind/) +and *lud* (/breath, life/). ** Grammar *** Word structure @@ -127,6 +131,9 @@ suffixes, see [[file:zikãti.md#abbreviations][Abbreviations]]. - ti- :: CAUS - zi- :: PERS +When the negative prefix is associated with a verb, it acts as a +negative towards the verb itself. + ***** Suffixes - -dãt :: PART - -gãs :: AGAT @@ -137,6 +144,7 @@ suffixes, see [[file:zikãti.md#abbreviations][Abbreviations]]. - -rã :: TR - -sõr :: NOMIN - -zãr :: PASS +- -qã :: SUBJ, attaches to verbs only, see [[file:zikãti#subclauses][subclauses]] *** Word order Zikãti is a postpositional language following the SOV word order in @@ -210,6 +218,26 @@ followed by the object’s clitic. - kãtikõthẽgai :: we (but not the interlocutor) hike #+html: ::: +If the verb has an oblique argument, it will require an accusative +anaphoric clitic and use a second one to agree with this third +argument. If no object is available, a dummy accusative clitic *lih* or +*qur* is used as a placeholder. The choice is made depending on whether +the dummy object can be an animate or inanimate object respectively. + +**** Subclauses +When using a subclause, the verb must be used in the subjunctive. This +simply means speakers must add the *-qã* suffix at the end of the verb +but before its anaphoric clitics, and the subclause itself must end +with the nominalizer *-sõr*. The subclauses agrees with other verbs with +the fourth singular person. + +#+html: ::: tip Example +gi qusahsõr mbihẽhãrqãsõr sahrãraqqur +- from PROG-spirit.mind-NOMIN meat.food-INTR-NECESS-SUBJ-1s.NPST.NOM-NOMIN mind.spirit-TR-1s.PST.NOM-4s.PST.ACC +- gi qu-sah-sõr mbi-hẽ-hãr-qã-qa-sõr sah-rã-raq-qur +I remembered I have to cook +#+html: ::: + ** Abbreviations - ACC :: accusative - ADJ :: adjective @@ -231,6 +259,7 @@ followed by the object’s clitic. - NOM :: nominative - NOMIN :: nominalisation, nominalizer - NPST :: non-past +- OBL :: oblique - PART :: participle - PARTN :: partisan - PASS :: passive verb @@ -238,30 +267,92 @@ followed by the object’s clitic. - POSSIB :: possibility, capacity, ability - PROG :: progressive, process - PST :: past +- SUBJ :: subjunctive, irrealis - TOOL :: thing, tool - TR :: transitive verb -- vi. :: intransitive verb -- vt. :: transitive verb ** Vocabulary + +*** banzi - hand +- banzi (n.) :: hand + +*** banzida - nail (hand) +See [[file:./zikãti#banzi-hand][banzi]] and [[file:./zikãti#da-bone][da]]. + +- banzida (n.) :: nail (of a hand) + +*** da - bone +- da (n.) :: bone + +*** disur - body +- disur (n.) :: body + +*** disurda - skeleton +See [[file:./zikãti#disur-body][disur]] and [[file:./zikãti#da-bone][da]]. + +- disurda (n.) :: skeleton + +*** disurtaq - core entity +See [[file:./zikãti#taq-core-kernel][taq]] and [[file:./zikãti#disur-body][disur]]. + +- disurtaq (n., con.) :: core entity or body, main entity or body + +*** gi - from +- gi :: from + +*** hiti - fire, light +- hiti (n.) :: fire, light + +*** hitimbi - hearth, coocked food +See [[file:zikãti#hiti-fire-light][hiti]] and [[file:zikãti#mbi-meat-food][mbi]]. + +- hitimbi (n.) :: hearth, coocked food + +*** hitimiz - tea +See [[file:zikãti#hiti-fire-light][hiti]] and [[file:zikãti#miz-water-stream][miz]]. + +- hitimiz (n.) :: tea + +*** keti - mountain +- kãti (n., con.) :: mountain +- kãtisõr :: a mountain +- pikãti (n.) :: a hill +- qakãti (n.) :: summit + +*** lik - person, human +- lik (n., con.) :: person, human +- ailik (n.) :: house +- iailik (n.) :: village +- ilik (n.) :: family, group of people +- ziiailik (n.) :: villager +- ziilik (n.) :: family member, member of a group + +*** lud - breath, life +- lud (n., con.) :: breath, life + +*** ludmiz - blood +See [[file:zikãti#lud-breath-life][lud]] and [[file:zikãti#miz-water-stream][miz]]. + +- ludmiz (n.) :: blood + *** mbi - meat, food - mbi (n.) :: meat, food - mbisõr (n.) :: a meal -- mbihẽ (vi.) :: to cook, to prepare food +- mbihẽ (INTR) :: to cook, to prepare food #+html: ::: tip Example qumbihẽqa - qu-mbi-hẽ-qa - PROG-meat.food-INTR-1s I’m preparing food / I’m cooking #+html: ::: -- mbirã (vt.) :: to cook (something) +- mbirã (TR) :: to cook (something) #+html: ::: tip Example zimbi mbisõr qumbirãiqur - zi-mbi mbi-sõr qu-mbi-rã-i-qur - PERS-meat.food meat.food-NOMIN PROG-meat.food-TR-3s.NOM-4s.ACC The cook is cooking the meal #+html: ::: -- mbirãzãr (vt.) :: to be cooked by +- mbirãzãr (TR) :: to be cooked by #+html: ::: tip Example mbisõr zimbi qumbirãzãrbulih - mbi-sõr zi-mbi qu-mbi-rã-zãr-bu-lih @@ -274,19 +365,110 @@ followed by the object’s clitic. - rambi (n.) :: a kitchen - zirambi (n.) :: a chef - humbi (n.) :: a knife -- humbihẽ (vi.) :: to stick a knife in something -- humbirã (vt.) :: to cut +- humbihẽ (INTR) :: to stick a knife in something +- humbirã (TR) :: to cut - zihumbi (n.) :: a butcher -- zihumbihẽ (vi.) :: to prepare meat -- zihumbirã (vt.) :: to butcher +- zihumbihẽ (INTR) :: to prepare meat +- zihumbirã (TR) :: to butcher - humbirãsõr (n.) :: a cut -- timbirã (vt.) :: to feed someone -- timbihẽ (vi.) :: to feed oneself +- timbirã (TR) :: to feed someone + This verb can take up to three arguments + - The agent, the thing or being doing the feeding + - The patient, the thing or being being fed something + - The oblique, the thing or being used as food + #+html: ::: tip Example + timbirãraqqurlih + - ti-mbi-rã-raq-qur-lih + - CAUS-meat.food-TR-1s.PST.NOM-1pl.PST.ACC-4s.PST.OBL + You were feeding it to us + #+html: ::: +- timbihẽ (INTR) :: to feed oneself - qambi (n.) :: a meal, feast - pimbi (n.) :: a snack -*** keti - mountain -- kãti (n., concept) :: mountain -- kãtisõr :: a mountain -- pikãti (n.) :: a hill -- qakãti (n.) :: summit +*** miz - water, stream +- miz (n., con.) :: water, stream + +*** sah - spirit, mind +- sah (n., con.) :: spirit, mind +- sahsõr (n.) :: being with a mind +- sahsõrnzẽz (n.) :: being without a mind +- sahzãr (PASS) :: to be though of, to be remembered +- sahhẽ (INTR) :: to dream, to have one’s mind escape, to mentally wander +- sahrã (TR) :: to think about, to remember, to be aware of + + To explicitly say “to remember”, seakers can say “to think about + something from memory”. +- tisah (CAUS) :: to remind someone + + The subject is the agent, the object is the patient, and the objique + is the thing brought to the patient’s mind by the agent +- qisah (adj) :: mindful, attentive +- qisahsõr (n.) :: mindfulness, attention +- sahdãt (adj) :: though of, known, present in the mind +- zisah (n.) :: philosopher, guru, scientist +- rasah (n.) :: temple, school +- husah (n.) :: deep though, important dialog, important speech (made + to make people think deeply) +- qusah (n.) :: thinking back, research +- qusahsõr (n.) :: memory, knowledge +- hisah (n.) :: idea, thought +- rusah (n.) :: memory loss, memory lapse + #+html: ::: tip Example + timbiaulihrãqãsõr rusahqalihrã + - ti-mbi-au-lih-rã-qã-sõr ru-sah-qu-lih-rã + - CAUS-meat.food-3pl.PST.NOM-3s.PST.ACC-TR-SUBJ-NOMIN NEG-spirit.mind-1s.NPST.NOM-3s.NPST.ACC-TR + - the fact that they were fed it / I do not think it + I do not think they were fed it + #+html: ::: +- pisah (n.) :: light, small, shallow idea or though +- qusah (n.) :: concept +- kasah (n.) :: ability to think +- kasahdãt sahsõr :: sentient being (on a higher level than just + *sahsõr*, beings with a mind) +- sahŋãs (n.) :: philosopher, intellectual +- asah (n.) :: inner, in our own mind, in our own being +- sahkõt (n.) :: opinion +- isah (n.) :: agreement +- isahkõt (n.) :: belief +- sahnzẽz (n.) :: mental illness or mental handicap + +The Zikãti people categorize things, both living and inanimate, into +three categories: +- sahsõrnzẽz :: things without a mind, which regroup objects but also + a lot of living things that are not animals. Some exceptions do + exist, such as some trees (generaly notably old trees) and water are + ranked in the following category +- sahsõr :: things with a mind but not able to think. This regroups + most animals, but also sometimes humans when the speaker wants to + dehumanize them +- kasahdãt sahsõr :: beings able to think, regrouping mostly humans, + but also higher or spiritual beings, such as ghosts, gods, or highly + sacred objects or plants (the latter are generally trees that are + extremely important in religious settings). + +While they might not consider plants to have a mind, the Zikãti people +believes all things are a conduit for the energy of the world, with +some elements being able to move, flourish, and perish while some +other things have the gift of being inanimate. These are simply +considered as properties given by this universal energy flowing +through all things and all beings. + +Animate things are considered to be alive, and therefore have a mind +and emotions, even possibly a will. However, they are not able of +thought and are therefore limited in terms of intelligence and they +cannot be reasoned with. + +Beings with a mind capable of thought are beings able to have complex +thoughts and actions, such as humans. + +*** sahlud - life +See [[file:./zikãti#sah-spirit-mind][sah]] and [[file:zikãti.md#lud-breath-life-concept][lud]]. + +*** taq - core, kernel +- taq (n., con.) :: core, kernel + +*** taqdisur - heart +See [[file:./zikãti#taq-core-kernel][taq]] and [[file:./zikãti#disur-body][disur]]. + +- taqdisur (n.) :: heart