[Eittlandic] Update Eittlandic phonology
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@ -120,8 +120,8 @@ adj. {{{phon(dʒòp)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/d.php#dj%C3%BApr]
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1. deep
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2. profound (figuratively)
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*** djúplig
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adv. {{{phon(dʒòpliɣ)}}}, from OE djúpr (see [[file:dictionary.md#djúp][djúp]]) with OE suffix /-ligr/ (see
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*** djúplig / djúpleg
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adv. {{{phon(dʒòpleɣ)}}}, from OE djúpr (see [[file:dictionary.md#djúp][djúp]]) with OE suffix /-ligr/ (see
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ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ligr#Old_Norse][-ligr]])
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1. deeply
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@ -260,6 +260,7 @@ n. {{{phon(n̥ɑɪsinɡ)}}}
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1. hermit
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2. (modern) shut-in, hikikomori
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*** hnjós(a)
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v. {{{phon(ɲ̥ɔ̀ːs)}}}
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@ -312,24 +313,23 @@ m. {{{phon(norejsòlv)}}}
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** O
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** Ó
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*** óglaðr
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adj. {{{phon(ɔ̀ɡʲɑðr̩)}}}
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*** óglaðr / óglœðr
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adj. {{{phon(ɔ̀ɡʲœðr̩)}}}
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1. very sad, depressed, miserable
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** Ø
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** Œ
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*** Œgir
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m. {{{phon(œjir)}}}
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*** Œgir / Œger
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m. {{{phon(œjer)}}}
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1. A mythical beast residing in the forests of the western
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Eittlandic fjords.
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** P
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*** pengvin
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n. {{{phon(peŋβin)}}}
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*** pengvin / pengven
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n. {{{phon(peŋβen)}}}
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1. penguin
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@ -345,17 +345,20 @@ v. {{{phon(siːtʃ)}}}
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1. to sit
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2. to represent (politics)
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*** sjá
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v. {{{phon(ʃɛ̀)}}}
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1. to see
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2. to understand
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*** skilja
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*** skilj(a)
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v. {{{phon(ʃkiːʎ)}}}
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1. to differenciate
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2. to segregate, to separate
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3. to understand a difference
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*** snjór
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m. {{{phon(sɲɔ̀r)}}}
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@ -203,16 +203,16 @@ use the singular genetive declension oraly. Younger folks at the time
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of writing even tend to regularize it as /-ar/ for strong neuter and
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weak nouns.
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The only exception to declensions no longer being productive is in the
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Hylfjaltr Kingdom’s exclave in southern Eittland where speakers of its
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local dialect tend instead to favor strong nouns for newer terms.
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Hence, while most dialects agree on “internet” (pl.nom /internetr/,
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pl.dat /internetum/) being a weak noun, this dialect treats it as either
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a strong feminine (sg.gen /internetar/, pl.nom&acc /internetr/, pl.dat
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/internetum/) or a strong neuter (sg.gen /internets/, pl.dat /internetum/)
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--- the difference is due to subdivisions in said dialect, mainly
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between rural and urban areas favoring the former and the latter
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respectively.
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One exception to declensions no longer being productive is in and
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around the Hylfjaltr Kingdom exclave in southern Eittland where
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speakers of its local dialect tend instead to favor strong nouns for
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newer terms. Hence, while most dialects agree on “internet” (pl.nom
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/internetr/, pl.dat /internetum/) being a weak noun, this dialect treats
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it as either a strong feminine (sg.gen /internetar/, pl.nom&acc
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/internetr/, pl.dat /internetum/) or a strong neuter (sg.gen /internets/,
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pl.dat /internetum/) --- the difference is due to subdivisions in said
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dialect, mainly between rural and urban areas favoring the former and
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the latter respectively.
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There are some regular exceptions to the declension system. The first
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one, inherited from Old Norse, is the /-r/ suffix becoming /-n/ or /-l/ when
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@ -41,28 +41,33 @@ Icelandic or in Norwegian. However, this evolution is cause to debate,
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mainly due to the original phoneme {{{phon(hʷ)}}} which could be inherited
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from Proto-Norse instead.
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+ Example :: Early Old Norse or Late Proto-Norse /hvat/ (what)
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{{{phon(hʷɑt)}}} > Eittlandic /hvat/ (what) {{{phon(ʍɑt)}}}
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#+html: ::: tip Example
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Early Old Norse or Late Proto-Norse /hvat/ (what) {{{phon(hʷɑt)}}} >
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Eittlandic /hvat/ (what) {{{phon(ʍɑt)}}}
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#+html: :::
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*** C / #h_ > C[-voice]
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When preceded by a {{{phon(h)}}}, word-initial consonants such as «l», «r»,
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«n» would lose their voicing and become voiceless consonants. Note
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«hj» went to {{{phon(ç)}}}.
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+ Example ::
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#+html: ::: tip Example
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- Early Old Norse /hlóð/ (/hearth/) {{{phon(hloːð)}}} > Old Eittlandic /hlóð/
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{{{phon(l̥oːð)}}}
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- Early Old-Norse /hneisa/ (/shame, disgrace/) {{{phon(hneisɑ)}}} > Early Old
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Eittlandic {{{phon(n̥eisɑ)}}}
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- Early Old Norse /hrifs/ (/robbery/) {{{phon(hrifs)}}} > Old Norse {{{phon(r̥ifs)}}}
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- Early Old Norse /hjól/ (wheel) {{{phon(hjoːl)}}} > Old Eittlandic {{{phon(çoːl)}}}
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#+html: :::
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*** g / {#,V}_{V,#} > ɣ
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In word-initial position and followed by a vowel or when between
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vowels, Early Old Norse {{{phon(g)}}} gets palatalized into a {{{phon(ɣ)}}}.
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+ Example :: Early Old Norse /gegn/ (/against, right opposite/) {{{phon(gegn̩)}}}
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> Old Eittlandic {{{phon(ɣegn̩)}}}
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#+html: ::: tip Example
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Early Old Norse /gegn/ (/against, right opposite/) {{{phon(gegn̩)}}} > Old
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Eittlandic {{{phon(ɣegn̩)}}}
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#+html: :::
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*** V / _# > ∅ ! j _
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When finishing a word, short unaccented vowels disappeared.
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@ -71,8 +76,10 @@ into a {{{phon(ə)}}}, but they eventually disappeared before long vowels got
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affected by the first part of the rule. However, it did not apply to
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final vowels following a «j».
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+ Example :: Old Norse /heilsa/ (/health/) {{{phon(heilsɑ)}}} > Late Old
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Eittlandic /heils/ {{{phon(heils)}}}.
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#+html: ::: tip Example
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Old Norse /heilsa/ (/health/) {{{phon(heilsɑ)}}} > Late Old Eittlandic /heils/
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{{{phon(heils)}}}.
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#+html: :::
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Reflecting this change, the last vowel got lost in the Eittlandic
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orthography. However, this rule did not get applied consistently with
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@ -82,15 +89,18 @@ a good deal of people that kept them well until the [[file:./phonology.md#great-
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While the final short vowel of words did not disappear when preceded
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by a «j», they still weakened to a schwa.
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+ Example :: Old Norse /sitja/ (/to sit/) {{{phon(sitjɑ)}}} > Old Eittlandic
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{{{phon(sitjə)}}}
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#+html: ::: tip Example
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Old Norse /sitja/ (/to sit/) {{{phon(sitjɑ)}}} > Old Eittlandic {{{phon(sitjə)}}}
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#+html: :::
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*** Vː / _# > ə
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When at the end of a word, long unaccented vowels get weakened into a
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schwa.
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+ Example :: Old Norse /erþó/ (as though) {{{phon(erθoː)}}} > Late Old
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Eittlandic {{{phon(erθə)}}}.
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#+html: ::: tip Example
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Old Norse /erþó/ (as though) {{{phon(erθoː)}}} > Late Old Eittlandic
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{{{phon(erθə)}}}.
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#+html: :::
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Notice how in the modern orthography the «ó» didn’t get lost, unlike
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with the previous rule. Unlike the schwa from the previous rule, the
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@ -103,8 +113,10 @@ when beginning or preceding a vowel transformed it from {{{phon(g)}}} in
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Proto-Norse to {{{phon(ɣ)}}} in Old Eittlandic to {{{phon(j)}}} in Early Modern
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Eittlandic.
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+ Example :: Old Norse /gauð/ (a barking) {{{phon(gɑuð)}}} > Early Middle
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Eittlandic /gauð/ (a barking, a quarrel) {{{phon(jɑuð)}}}.
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#+html: ::: tip Example
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Old Norse /gauð/ (a barking) {{{phon(gɑuð)}}} > Early Middle Eittlandic /gauð/
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(a barking, a quarrel) {{{phon(jɑuð)}}}.
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#+html: :::
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This is the first rule of the g/j-shift along with the three next
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rules, marking the passage from Old Eittlandic to Middle Eittlandic.
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@ -113,8 +125,10 @@ rules, marking the passage from Old Eittlandic to Middle Eittlandic.
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The exception to the above rule is the «g» remains a hard {{{phon(g)}}} when
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followed by an «l» in which case {{{phon(gl)}}} becomes {{{phon(gʲ)}}}.
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+ Example :: Old Norse /óglaðr/ (sad, moody) {{{phon(oːɡlɑðr̩)}}} > Early
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Middle Eittlandic /óglaðr/ (very sad, miserable) {{{phon(oːɡʲɑðr̩)}}}
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#+html: ::: tip Example
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Old Norse /óglaðr/ (sad, moody) {{{phon(oːɡlɑðr̩)}}} > Early Middle Eittlandic
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/óglaðr/ (very sad, miserable) {{{phon(oːɡʲɑðr̩)}}}
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#+html: :::
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*** d g n s t / _j > C[+palat]
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Another exception to the [[file:./phonology.md#g-v-%E2%81%A3-v-ɣ][lenition of {{{phon(ɡ)}}}]] is it remained until the
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@ -136,42 +150,51 @@ conversion table given by the table below.
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Note this is also applicable to devoiced consonants [[file:phonology#c-h-c-voice][described above]].
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+ Example ::
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#+html: ::: tip Example
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- Early Old Norse /djúp/ (/deep/) {{{phon(djuːp)}}} > Middle Eittlandic /djúp/
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(/deep, profound/) {{{phon(dʒuːp)}}}
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- Early Old Norse /gjøf/ (/gift/) {{{phon(gjøf)}}} > Early Middle Eittlandic
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{{{phon(jøf)}}}
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- Early Old Norse /snjór/ (/snow/) {{{phon(snjoːr)}}} > Middle Eittlandic
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{{{phon(sɲoːr)}}}
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- Early Old Norse /hnjósa/ (/to sneeze/) {{{phon(hnjoːsɑ)}}} > Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(ɲ̥oːs)}}}
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- Early Old Norse /sjá/ (/to see/) {{{phon(sjɑː)}}} > Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(ʃɑː)}}}
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- Early Old Norse /skilja/ (/to understand, to distinguish/)
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{{{phon(skiljɑ)}}} > Early Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(ʃkiljə)}}}
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- Old Eittlandic /sitja/ (/to sit/) {{{phon(sitjə)}}} > Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(sitʃə)}}}
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- Early Old Norse /hnjósa/ (/to sneeze/) {{{phon(hnjoːsɑ)}}} > Middle Eittlandic
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{{{phon(ɲ̥oːs)}}}
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- Early Old Norse /sjá/ (/to see/) {{{phon(sjɑː)}}} > Middle Eittlandic
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{{{phon(ʃɑː)}}}
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- Early Old Norse /skilja/ (/to understand, to distinguish/) {{{phon(skiljɑ)}}}
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> Early Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(ʃkiljə)}}}
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- Old Eittlandic /sitja/ (/to sit/) {{{phon(sitjə)}}} > Middle Eittlandic
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{{{phon(sitʃə)}}}
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#+html: :::
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*** j > jə / _#
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With the appearance of word-final {{{phon(j)}}}, and epenthtetic {{{phon(ə)}}}
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appeared due to the phonological rule forbidding word-final consonant
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clusters to end with a {{{phon(j)}}}.
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+ Example :: Early Old Norse /berg/ (/rock/, /boulder/) {{{phon(berɡ)}}} > Middle
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Eittlandic /berg/ {{{phon(berjə)}}}
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#+html: ::: tip Example
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Early Old Norse /berg/ (/rock/, /boulder/) {{{phon(berɡ)}}} > Middle Eittlandic
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/berg/ {{{phon(berjə)}}}
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#+html: :::
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*** u / V_ > ʊ
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When following another vowel, {{{phon(u)}}} becomes an {{{phon(ʊ)}}}.
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+ Example :: Old Norse /kaup/ (/bargain/) {{{phon(kɑup)}}} > Early Middle
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Eittlandic {{{phon(kɑʊp)}}}
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#+html: ::: tip Example
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Old Norse /kaup/ (/bargain/) {{{phon(kɑup)}}} > Early Middle Eittlandic
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{{{phon(kɑʊp)}}}
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#+html: :::
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*** {s,z} / _C[+plos] > ʃ
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If {{{phon(s)}}} or {{{phon(z)}}} precede a plosive consonant, they become
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palatalized into a {{{phon(ʃ)}}} --- the distinction between «s» and «z» is
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lost.
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+ Example ::
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#+html: ::: tip Example
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- Old Norse /fiskr/ (/fish/) {{{phon(fiskr̩)}}} > Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(fiʃkr̩)}}}
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- Early Old Norse /vizka/ (/wisdom/) {{{phon(βizkɑ)}}} > Middle Eittlandic
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/viska/ {{{phon(βiʃk)}}}
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- Early Old Norse /vizka/ (/wisdom/) {{{phon(βizkɑ)}}} > Middle Eittlandic /viska/
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{{{phon(βiʃk)}}}
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#+html: :::
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Note that in the Modern Eittlandic orthography, the «z» is replaced
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with an «s».
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@ -180,32 +203,41 @@ with an «s».
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When a «f» is either surrounded by voice phonemes or is preceded by a
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voiced phoneme and ends a word, it gets voiced into a {{{phon(v)}}}.
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+ Example :: Old Norse /úlf/ (wolf) {{{phon(uːlf)}}} > Middle Eittlandic /úlv/ {{{phon(uːlv)}}}.
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#+html: ::: tip Example
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Old Norse /úlf/ (wolf) {{{phon(uːlf)}}} > Middle Eittlandic /úlv/ {{{phon(uːlv)}}}.
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#+html: :::
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*** l / _j > ʎ
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When followed by a «j», any «l» becomes a {{{phon(ʎ)}}}, merging with the
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following «j».
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+ Example :: Early Middle Eittlandic /skilja/ (to understand, to
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distinguish) {{{phon(ʃkiljə)}}} > Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(ʃkiʎə)}}}
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#+html: ::: tip Example
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Early Middle Eittlandic /skilja/ (to understand, to distinguish)
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{{{phon(ʃkiljə)}}} > Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(ʃkiʎə)}}}
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#+html: :::
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*** ɑʊ > oː
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Sometime in the 15th century, any occurence of «au», pronounced by
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then {{{phon(ɑʊ)}}}, began shifting to {{{phon(oː)}}}.
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+ Example :: Early Middle Eittlandic /kaup/ (/bargain/) {{{phon(kɑʊp)}}} > Late
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Middle Eittlandic /kaup/ (/commerce/) {{{phon(koːp)}}}
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#+html: ::: tip Example
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Early Middle Eittlandic /kaup/ (/bargain/) {{{phon(kɑʊp)}}} > Late Middle
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Eittlandic /kaup/ (/commerce/) {{{phon(koːp)}}}
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#+html: :::
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*** C[+long +plos -voice] > C[+fric] ! / _C > C[+long +plos] > C[-long]
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Unless followed by another consonant, any unvoiced long plosive
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consonant becomes a short affricate while other long plosives simply
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become shorter.
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+ Example ::
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- Old Norse /edda/ (great grandmother) {{{phon(edːɑ)}}} > Late Middle Eittlandic
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/edda/ (great grandmother, femalle ancestor) {{{phon(edɑ)}}}
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- Old Norse /Eittland/ {{{phon(eitːlɑnd)}}} > Late Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(eitlɑnd)}}}
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- Old Norse /uppá/ (/upon/) {{{phon(upːɑː)}}} > Late Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(upɸə)}}}
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#+html: ::: tip Example
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- Old Norse /edda/ (great grandmother) {{{phon(edːɑ)}}} > Late Middle
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Eittlandic /edda/ (great grandmother, femalle ancestor) {{{phon(edɑ)}}}
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- Old Norse /Eittland/ {{{phon(eitːlɑnd)}}} > Late Middle Eittlandic
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{{{phon(eitlɑnd)}}}
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- Old Norse /uppá/ (/upon/) {{{phon(upːɑː)}}} > Late Middle Eittlandic
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{{{phon(upɸə)}}}
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#+html: :::
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*** r > ʁ (Eastern Eittlandic)
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From the beginning of the 16th century, the Eastern Eittlandic {{{phon(r)}}}
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@ -214,12 +246,13 @@ began morphing into an {{{phon(ʁ)}}} in all contexts except in word-final
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Eastern region of Eittland, and it can be even heard in some dialects
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of Southern Eittlandic.
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+ Example ::
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- Old Norse /dratta/ (/to trail/ or /walk like a cow/) {{{phon(drɑtʃ)}}} > Eastern Modern
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Eittlandic /dratt/ (/act mindlessly/) {{{phon(dʁɑtʃ)}}}
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#+html: ::: tip Example
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- Old Norse /dratta/ (/to trail/ or /walk like a cow/) {{{phon(drɑtʃ)}}} > Eastern
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Modern Eittlandic /dratt/ (/act mindlessly/) {{{phon(dʁɑtʃ)}}}
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- Early Old Norse /fjárdráttr/ (/(unfairly) making money/)
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{{{phon(fjɑːdrɑːtːr̩)}}} > Eastern Modern Eittlandic /fjárdráttr/ (/to scam/)
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{{{phon(fjɛʁdʁɛtr̩)}}}
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#+html: :::
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*** Great Vowel Shift
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The great vowel shift happened during the 16th and 17th century during
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@ -248,15 +281,19 @@ As you can see, some overlap is possible from Old Norse vowels and
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Modern Eittlandic vowels. For instance, Eittlanders will read «é» and
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«á» both as an {{{phon(ɛ̀)}}}.
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+ Examples ::
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- Middle Eittlandic /sjá/ (/to see/) {{{phon(ʃɑː)}}} > Modern Eittlandic {{{phon(ʃɛ̀)}}}
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- Old Norse /fé/ (/cattle/) {{{phon(feː)}}} > Modern Eittlandic /fé/ (wealth) {{{phon(fɛ̀)}}}
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#+html: ::: tip Example
|
||||
- Middle Eittlandic /sjá/ (/to see/) {{{phon(ʃɑː)}}} > Modern Eittlandic
|
||||
{{{phon(ʃɛ̀)}}}
|
||||
- Old Norse /fé/ (/cattle/) {{{phon(feː)}}} > Modern Eittlandic /fé/ (wealth)
|
||||
{{{phon(fɛ̀)}}}
|
||||
- Late Proto-Norse /hví/ (/why/) {{{phon(hʷiː)}}} > Modern Eittlandic {{{phon(ʍè)}}}
|
||||
- Old Norse /bók/ (/beech/, /book/) {{{phon(boːk)}}} > Modern Eittlandic (/book/)
|
||||
{{{phon(bɔ̀k)}}}
|
||||
- Early Old Norse /œgir/ (/frightener/, /terrifier/) {{{phon(øːɡir)}}} > Modern
|
||||
Eittlandic /Œgir/ (a kind of mythical beast) {{{phon(œ̀jir)}}}
|
||||
- Middle Eittlandic /úlv/ (/wolf/) {{{phon(uːlv)}}} > Modern Eittlandic {{{phon(òlv)}}}
|
||||
- Middle Eittlandic /úlv/ (/wolf/) {{{phon(uːlv)}}} > Modern Eittlandic
|
||||
{{{phon(òlv)}}}
|
||||
#+html: :::
|
||||
|
||||
Diphthongs also evolved following these rules:
|
||||
- {{{phon(ei)}}} > {{{phon(ɑɪ)}}}
|
||||
@ -268,11 +305,6 @@ nasalizing its vowels aside from Southern Eittland (see below),
|
||||
although the timeframe regarding this evolution is very much unclear
|
||||
and it might have happened as early as during the 13th century.
|
||||
|
||||
*** rɡ > ʁ (Southeastern Eittlandic)
|
||||
In Southeastern Eittlandic, in the area around Hylfjaltr, the phonemes
|
||||
{{{phon(r)}}} and {{{phon(ɡ)}}} assimilated each other into a {{{phon(ʁ)}}}, affecting
|
||||
words such as /myrgun/ pronounced then as {{{phon(myʁun)}}}.
|
||||
|
||||
*** ə[-long] / C_# > ∅
|
||||
As described in the [[file:./phonology.md#vː-ə][weakening of final long vowels]], the schwa
|
||||
resulting from it kept its long vowel feature, although it wasn’t
|
||||
@ -284,54 +316,17 @@ and long vowels in Eittlandic. This distinction is however unmarked
|
||||
when written in Standard Eittlandic due to the spelling dropping the
|
||||
final vowels affected here.
|
||||
|
||||
+ Example :: Middle Eittlandic (to understand, to distinguish)
|
||||
{{{phon(ʃkiʎə)}}} > Late Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(ʃkiːʎ)}}}
|
||||
|
||||
*** VN / _ > Ṽ[-tense] ! V[+high] (Southern Eittlandic)
|
||||
When preceding a nasal, any vowel that is not high as determined by
|
||||
the vowel tree in [[*Vowel Inventory][Vowel Inventory]] gets nasalized when preceding a
|
||||
nasal consonant and loses its tenseness if it has any. Hence, the
|
||||
pronunciation of the «a» in /Eittland/ is {{{phon(ã)}}}. However, Old Norse
|
||||
/runa/ (rune) {{{phon(runɑ)}}} becomes /run/ (letter, character, rune) {{{phon(run)}}}
|
||||
without any nasalization.
|
||||
|
||||
Note this evolution is mostly proeminent in the southern regions of
|
||||
Eittland and the city of Hundraðskip. It is less often documented in
|
||||
Eastern Eittland and almost undocumented in Western Eittland. It is
|
||||
more often documented in casual conversation buch rarer in formal
|
||||
conversation, especially when the majority of the speakers in a group
|
||||
are not southerners.
|
||||
#+html: ::: tip Example
|
||||
Middle Eittlandic (to understand, to distinguish) {{{phon(ʃkiʎə)}}} > Late
|
||||
Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(ʃkiːʎ)}}}
|
||||
#+html: :::
|
||||
|
||||
*** t / _C > ʔ ! _ʃ
|
||||
When a {{{phon(t)}}} precedes another consonant, it becomes a glottal stop.
|
||||
|
||||
+ Example :: Early Modern Eittlandic /Eittland/ {{{phon(ɑɪtlɑnd)}}} > Modern
|
||||
Eittlandic {{{phon(ɑɪʔlɑnd)}}}
|
||||
|
||||
*** V^{U} > ə ! diphthongs (Western Eittlandic)
|
||||
A recent evolution in Western Eittland is weakening any unstressed
|
||||
vowel that is not a diphthong to a schwa. It is only documented in
|
||||
casual speech but almost never in formal speech.
|
||||
|
||||
+ Example ::
|
||||
- Standard Eittlandic /ádreif/ (spray) {{{phon(ɛ̀drɑɪv)}}} > Western Casual
|
||||
Eittlandic {{{phon(ɛ̀drɑɪv)}}}
|
||||
- Standard Eittlandic /einlægr/ (/sincere/) {{{phon(ɑɪnlæɡr)}}} > Western
|
||||
Casual Eittlandic {{{phon(ɑɪnləɡr)}}}
|
||||
|
||||
*** ɣ > h (Urban Eittlandic)
|
||||
Since around the middle of the 20th century, urban Eittlandic started
|
||||
leniting any {{{phon(ɣ)}}} into a {{{phon(h)}}}.
|
||||
|
||||
+ Example :: Standard Eittlandic /djúplig/ {{{phon(dʒòpliɣ)}}} > urban
|
||||
Eittlandic {{{phon(dʒòplih)}}}
|
||||
|
||||
In urban areas North of Ðeberget, word-final {{{phon(h)}}} resulting from
|
||||
this evolution tends to get completely dropped since around the 90s.
|
||||
|
||||
+ Example :: Standard Eittlandic /djúplig/ {{{phon(dʒòpliɣ)}}} > urban
|
||||
Eittlandic {{{phon(dʒòplih)}}} > Northwestern Urban Eittlandic
|
||||
{{{phon(dʒòpli)}}}
|
||||
#+html: ::: tip Example
|
||||
Early Modern Eittlandic /Eittland/ {{{phon(ɑɪtlɑnd)}}} > Modern Eittlandic {{{phon(ɑɪʔlɑnd)}}}
|
||||
#+html: :::
|
||||
|
||||
** Vowel Inventory
|
||||
Modern Eittlandic has a total of ten simple vowels and three
|
||||
@ -343,7 +338,7 @@ have existed in Old Norse has been most likely lost early on during
|
||||
Eittlandic’s evolution, leaving room for the current one. The first
|
||||
table below lists the Eittlandic simple vowels while the second table
|
||||
lists the Eittlandic diphthongs. Note that the contrast by length or
|
||||
tone is not listed in the table,
|
||||
tone is not listed in the table.
|
||||
|
||||
#+name: tab:vow:ipa
|
||||
#+caption: Vowel inventory of Modern Eittlandic
|
||||
@ -375,21 +370,98 @@ tone is not listed in the table,
|
||||
graph{graph[dpi=300,bgcolor="transparent"];node[shape=plaintext];"vowels-0ju80zwg7uit"[label="vowels"];"+high-0ju80zwg7ujg"[label="+high"];"vowels-0ju80zwg7uit"--"+high-0ju80zwg7ujg";"+round-0ju80zwg7ukn"[label="+round"];"+high-0ju80zwg7ujg"--"+round-0ju80zwg7ukn";"+front-0ju80zwg7uli"[label="+front"];"+round-0ju80zwg7ukn"--"+front-0ju80zwg7uli";"/y/-0ju80zwg7ume"[label="/y/"];"+front-0ju80zwg7uli"--"/y/-0ju80zwg7ume";"-front-0ju80zwg7uls"[label="-front"];"+round-0ju80zwg7ukn"--"-front-0ju80zwg7uls";"/u/-0ju80zwg7un4"[label="/u/"];"-front-0ju80zwg7uls"--"/u/-0ju80zwg7un4";"-round-0ju80zwg7ukw"[label="-round"];"+high-0ju80zwg7ujg"--"-round-0ju80zwg7ukw";"/i/-0ju80zwg7unw"[label="/i/"];"-round-0ju80zwg7ukw"--"/i/-0ju80zwg7unw";"-high-0ju80zwg7ujs"[label="-high"];"vowels-0ju80zwg7uit"--"-high-0ju80zwg7ujs";"+round-0ju80zwg7uon"[label="+round"];"-high-0ju80zwg7ujs"--"+round-0ju80zwg7uon";"+tense-0ju80zwg7uph"[label="+tense"];"+round-0ju80zwg7uon"--"+tense-0ju80zwg7uph";"+front-0ju80zwg7uq9"[label="+front"];"+tense-0ju80zwg7uph"--"+front-0ju80zwg7uq9";"/ø/-0ju80zwg7ur2"[label="/ø/"];"+front-0ju80zwg7uq9"--"/ø/-0ju80zwg7ur2";"-front-0ju80zwg7uqk"[label="-front"];"+tense-0ju80zwg7uph"--"-front-0ju80zwg7uqk";"/o/-0ju80zwg7urs"[label="/o/"];"-front-0ju80zwg7uqk"--"/o/-0ju80zwg7urs";"-tense-0ju80zwg7upp"[label="-tense"];"+round-0ju80zwg7uon"--"-tense-0ju80zwg7upp";"+low-0ju80zwg7usp"[label="+low"];"-tense-0ju80zwg7upp"--"+low-0ju80zwg7usp";"/œ/-0ju80zwg7uth"[label="/œ/"];"+low-0ju80zwg7usp"--"/œ/-0ju80zwg7uth";"-low-0ju80zwg7usz"[label="-low"];"-tense-0ju80zwg7upp"--"-low-0ju80zwg7usz";"/ɔ/-0ju80zwg7uu6"[label="/ɔ/"];"-low-0ju80zwg7usz"--"/ɔ/-0ju80zwg7uu6";"-round-0ju80zwg7uoy"[label="-round"];"-high-0ju80zwg7ujs"--"-round-0ju80zwg7uoy";"+tense-0ju80zwg7uv2"[label="+tense"];"-round-0ju80zwg7uoy"--"+tense-0ju80zwg7uv2";"/e/-0ju80zwg7uvv"[label="/e/"];"+tense-0ju80zwg7uv2"--"/e/-0ju80zwg7uvv";"-tense-0ju80zwg7uvd"[label="-tense"];"-round-0ju80zwg7uoy"--"-tense-0ju80zwg7uvd";"+low-0ju80zwg7uwl"[label="+low"];"-tense-0ju80zwg7uvd"--"+low-0ju80zwg7uwl";"/ɑ/-0ju80zwg7uxc"[label="/ɑ/"];"+low-0ju80zwg7uwl"--"/ɑ/-0ju80zwg7uxc";"-low-0ju80zwg7uwv"[label="-low"];"-tense-0ju80zwg7uvd"--"-low-0ju80zwg7uwv";"/ɛ/-0ju80zwg7uy0"[label="/ɛ/"];"-low-0ju80zwg7uwv"--"/ɛ/-0ju80zwg7uy0";}
|
||||
#+end_src
|
||||
|
||||
#+html: <ImgFigure src="/img/eittlandic/vowel-feature-tree.png" alt="Eittlandic Vowel Featural Tree">Eittlandic Vowels Featural Tree</ImgFigure>
|
||||
#+html: <ImgFigure src="/img/eittlandic/vowel-feature-tree.png" alt="Eittlandic Vowel Featural Tree">Featural tree of Eittlandic vowels</ImgFigure>
|
||||
|
||||
- a {{{phon(ɑ)}}} ::
|
||||
- á {{{phon(ɛ̀)}}} ::
|
||||
- æ {{{phon(ɛ)}}} ::
|
||||
- e {{{phon(e)}}} ::
|
||||
- é {{{phon(ɛ̀)}}} ::
|
||||
- i {{{phon(i)}}} ::
|
||||
- í {{{phon(è)}}} ::
|
||||
- o {{{phon(o)}}} ::
|
||||
- ó {{{phon(ɔ̀)}}} ::
|
||||
- u {{{phon(u)}}} ::
|
||||
- ú {{{phon(ò)}}} ::
|
||||
- y {{{phon(y)}}} ::
|
||||
- ý {{{phon(ø̀)}}} ::
|
||||
Here is a quick guide regarding the pronunciation of these vowels:
|
||||
- a {{{phon(ɑ)}}} :: as in General American English “hot” with a high tone
|
||||
- á {{{phon(ɛ̀)}}} :: as in General American English “bed” with a low tone
|
||||
- æ {{{phon(ɛ)}}} :: as in General American English “bed” with a high tone
|
||||
- e {{{phon(e)}}} :: as in French “été” or General American English “may”
|
||||
with a high tone
|
||||
- é {{{phon(ɛ̀)}}} :: see {{{phon(æ)}}}
|
||||
- i {{{phon(i)}}} :: as in English “free” with a high tone
|
||||
- í {{{phon(è)}}} :: as in French “été” or General American English “may”
|
||||
with a low tone
|
||||
- o {{{phon(o)}}} :: as in French “beau” or Cockney English “yawn” with a
|
||||
high tone
|
||||
- ó {{{phon(ɔ̀)}}} :: as in General American English “thought” with a low
|
||||
tone
|
||||
- u {{{phon(u)}}} :: as in French “mou” or General American English “boot”
|
||||
with a high tone
|
||||
- ú {{{phon(ò)}}} :: as in French “beau” or Cockney English “yawn” with a
|
||||
low tone
|
||||
- y {{{phon(y)}}} :: as in French “lune” with a high tone
|
||||
- ý {{{phon(ø̀)}}} :: as in French “deux” with a low tone
|
||||
- œ/ǿ {{{phon(œ)}}} :: as in French “neuf” with a low tone
|
||||
- ei {{{phon(ɑɪ)}}} :: as in English “I”
|
||||
- au {{{phon(ɔʊ)}}} :: similar to Canadian “ow” or in General American
|
||||
English “bow”, but more open
|
||||
- ey {{{phon(œʏ)}}} :: as if it were “œy” but more open
|
||||
|
||||
Eittlandic also has a second vowel inventory dedicated to unstressed
|
||||
vowels. While the one described above describes all vowels found in
|
||||
stressed positions, the unstressed inventory is much lighter.
|
||||
|
||||
#+name: tab:vow:unstressed
|
||||
#+caption: Unstressed Vowels in Eittlandic
|
||||
| <r> | <c> | <c> |
|
||||
| | front | back |
|
||||
|------+-------+------|
|
||||
| -low | i/e | u/o |
|
||||
| +low | (œ) | a |
|
||||
|
||||
#+name: vow-unstressed-dot-gen
|
||||
#+header: :var vowels=vowels-unstressed-featural-list
|
||||
#+begin_src emacs-lisp :wrap "src dot :file eittlandic/vowel-unstressed-feature-tree.png :results none :eval no-export"
|
||||
(conlanging-graphviz-feature-tree vowels :label "vowels")
|
||||
#+end_src
|
||||
|
||||
#+RESULTS[3d73fac1ce2ba93b214df135c8a1c8d7058b8a58]: vow-unstressed-dot-gen
|
||||
#+begin_src dot :file eittlandic/vowel-unstressed-feature-tree.png :results none :eval no-export
|
||||
graph{graph[dpi=300,bgcolor="transparent"];node[shape=plaintext];"vowels-0jyo0gw23vjp"[label="vowels"];"+low-0jyo0gw23vk7"[label="+low"];"vowels-0jyo0gw23vjp"--"+low-0jyo0gw23vk7";"+round-0jyo0gw23vkx"[label="+round"];"+low-0jyo0gw23vk7"--"+round-0jyo0gw23vkx";"/œ/-0jyo0gw23vli"[label="/œ/"];"+round-0jyo0gw23vkx"--"/œ/-0jyo0gw23vli";"-round-0jyo0gw23vl5"[label="-round"];"+low-0jyo0gw23vk7"--"-round-0jyo0gw23vl5";"/ɑ/-0jyo0gw23vm8"[label="/ɑ/"];"-round-0jyo0gw23vl5"--"/ɑ/-0jyo0gw23vm8";"-low-0jyo0gw23vkf"[label="-low"];"vowels-0jyo0gw23vjp"--"-low-0jyo0gw23vkf";"+front-0jyo0gw23vms"[label="+front"];"-low-0jyo0gw23vkf"--"+front-0jyo0gw23vms";"+high-0jyo0gw23vnb"[label="+high"];"+front-0jyo0gw23vms"--"+high-0jyo0gw23vnb";"/i/-0jyo0gw23vnv"[label="/i/"];"+high-0jyo0gw23vnb"--"/i/-0jyo0gw23vnv";"-high-0jyo0gw23vnj"[label="-high"];"+front-0jyo0gw23vms"--"-high-0jyo0gw23vnj";"/e/-0jyo0gw23vob"[label="/e/"];"-high-0jyo0gw23vnj"--"/e/-0jyo0gw23vob";"-front-0jyo0gw23vmz"[label="-front"];"-low-0jyo0gw23vkf"--"-front-0jyo0gw23vmz";"+high-0jyo0gw23vot"[label="+high"];"-front-0jyo0gw23vmz"--"+high-0jyo0gw23vot";"/u/-0jyo0gw23vpd"[label="/u/"];"+high-0jyo0gw23vot"--"/u/-0jyo0gw23vpd";"-high-0jyo0gw23vp0"[label="-high"];"-front-0jyo0gw23vmz"--"-high-0jyo0gw23vp0";"/o/-0jyo0gw23vpt"[label="/o/"];"-high-0jyo0gw23vp0"--"/o/-0jyo0gw23vpt";}
|
||||
#+end_src
|
||||
|
||||
#+html: <ImgFigure src="/img/eittlandic/vowel-unstressed-feature-tree.png" alt="Eittlandic Vowel Featural Tree">Featural tree of unstressed Eittlandic vowels</ImgFigure>
|
||||
|
||||
As shown in the table above, «i» and «e», «u» and «o», and «a» and
|
||||
{{{phon(œ)}}} are considered as allophones in unstressed positions. Their
|
||||
pronunciation is based on the vowel harmony spread forward by the
|
||||
preceding stressed vowel.
|
||||
|
||||
Regarding the first two pairs, in case a vowel is not preceded by a
|
||||
stressed vowel, then the first one will spread its vowel harmony
|
||||
backward. Vowel harmony follows the /±high/ feature of stressed vowels,
|
||||
meaning a stressed vowel with a /+high/ feature will be always followed
|
||||
by either {{{phon(e)}}} or {{{phon(o)}}}.
|
||||
|
||||
The unstressed vowel «a» on the other hand follows the same vowel
|
||||
harmony principles following the /±round/ phonological feature, morphing
|
||||
into {{{phon(œ)}}} if the stressed vowel influencing it is rounded.
|
||||
|
||||
When writing in Standard Eittlandic, the vowel written in unstressed
|
||||
position will follow its pronunciation, but when written in other
|
||||
dialects, it may follow the historical spelling. The grapheme of
|
||||
unstressed «a» becomes «œ» only in Standard Eittlandic, otherwise it
|
||||
won’t change in other dialects.
|
||||
|
||||
Note the features borne by the diphthongs:
|
||||
- ei :: /+high -round/
|
||||
- au :: /-high +round/, same as «ó»
|
||||
- ey :: same as «ei»
|
||||
|
||||
#+html: ::: tip Example
|
||||
- djúplig :: {{{phon(dʒòpleɣ)}}}, the {{{phon(o)}}} morphed the unstressed {{{phon(i)}}} into an {{{phon(e)}}}
|
||||
- pengvin :: {{{phon(peŋβen)}}}, the {{{phon(e)}}} morphed the unstressed {{{phon(i)}}} into an {{{phon(e)}}}
|
||||
- øfund :: {{{phon(øvond)}}}, the {{{phon(ø)}}} morphed the unstressed {{{phon(u)}}} into an {{{phon(o)}}}
|
||||
- vótnum :: {{{phon(βɔ̀tnom)}}}, the {{{phon(ɔ̀)}}} morphed the unstressed {{{phon(u)}}} into an {{{phon(o)}}}
|
||||
- ofan :: {{{phon(ovœn)}}}, the {{{phon(o)}}} morphed the unstressed {{{phon(ɑ)}}} into an {{{phon(œ)}}}
|
||||
- bókar :: {{{phon(bɔ̀kœr)}}}, the {{{phon(ɔ̀)}}} morphed the unstressed {{{phon(ɑ)}}} into an {{{phon(œ)}}}
|
||||
#+html: :::
|
||||
|
||||
#+html: ::: warning But
|
||||
- fiskum :: {{{phon(fiskum)}}}
|
||||
- feðar :: {{{phon(feðar)}}}
|
||||
#+html: :::
|
||||
|
||||
*** Private Data :noexport:
|
||||
#+name: vowels-featural-list
|
||||
@ -407,6 +479,15 @@ graph{graph[dpi=300,bgcolor="transparent"];node[shape=plaintext];"vowels-0ju80zw
|
||||
("low" "/ɑ/" "/ɛ/"))))
|
||||
#+end_src
|
||||
|
||||
#+name: vowels-unstressed-featural-list
|
||||
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
|
||||
'("low"
|
||||
("round" "/œ/" "/ɑ/")
|
||||
("front"
|
||||
("high" "/i/" "/e/")
|
||||
("high" "/u/" "/o/")))
|
||||
#+end_src
|
||||
|
||||
** Consonant Inventory
|
||||
/Under construction/
|
||||
|
||||
@ -438,14 +519,40 @@ with their own accent. These three main dialects are Eastern
|
||||
Eittlandic spoken in the majority Kingdom of Hylfjaltr, Western
|
||||
Eittlandic spoken in the majority of the Kingdom of Ðeberget, and
|
||||
Southern Eittlandic spoken on the southern parts of the island,
|
||||
regardess of the legal kingdom (see the map shown in [[file:./country.md#culture][Culture]]). Three
|
||||
main elements of their respective accent were presented above in [[file:./phonology.md#*r > ʁ (Eastern Eittlandic)][the
|
||||
Eastern uvularization of «r»]], [[file:./phonology.md#*VN / _ » Ṽ\[-tense\] ! V\[+high\] (Southern Eittlandic)][the Southern nasalization of vowels]]
|
||||
and [[file:/phonology.md#vu-»-ə-diphthongs-western-eittlandic][the Western weakening of unstressed vowels]].
|
||||
regardess of the legal kingdom (see the map shown in [[file:./country.md#culture][Culture]]). These
|
||||
dialects are further divided into other dialects, such as the dialect
|
||||
spoken around Hylfjaltr differing from the dialect spoken in the
|
||||
neighbour town of Tvinnár, or the dialect spoken in Ðeberget differing
|
||||
from the dialect spoken in the nearby city of Kóparvall.
|
||||
|
||||
Some regional variation can be also found in these dialects, although
|
||||
less significant and less consistantly than the changes mentioned
|
||||
above. As such, we can find in some rural parts of the Eastern
|
||||
Additional minor dialect exist, as Northeastern or Northwestern
|
||||
Eittlandic do exist, but most of these are considered as endengered as
|
||||
they are spoken mostly by older folk. Interestingly, younger
|
||||
Eittlanders living in Northern Eittland are beginning to speak a new
|
||||
dialect commonly referred to as /Teveseittlandsk/ (“TV Eittlandic”) or
|
||||
/Internetseittlandsk/ (/Internet’s Eittlandic/). While it may have some
|
||||
regional variation regarding its vocabulary, its grammar and
|
||||
pronunciation tend to merge both Western and Eastern Eittlandic into a
|
||||
common dialect resembling in some aspects urban Eittlandic.
|
||||
|
||||
*** Western Eittlandic
|
||||
**** V^{U} > ə ! diphthongs
|
||||
Recently, Western Eittlandic evolved a weakening of all of its
|
||||
unstressed vowels that are not diphthongs, transforming them into
|
||||
schwas. It is only documented in casual speech but almost never in
|
||||
formal speech.
|
||||
|
||||
#+html: ::: tip Example
|
||||
- Standard Eittlandic /ádreif/ (spray) {{{phon(ɛ̀drɑɪv)}}} > Western Casual
|
||||
Eittlandic {{{phon(ɛ̀drɑɪv)}}}
|
||||
- Standard Eittlandic /einlægr/ (/sincere/) {{{phon(ɑɪnlæɡr)}}} > Western Casual
|
||||
Eittlandic {{{phon(ɑɪnləɡr)}}}
|
||||
#+html: :::
|
||||
|
||||
*** Eastern Eittlandic
|
||||
**** Great Vowel Shift variation
|
||||
When the [[file:./phonology.md#great-vowel-shift][Great Vowel Shift]] happened, not all regions were affected the
|
||||
same. As such, we can find in some rural parts of the Eastern
|
||||
Eittlandic dialect area high vowels slightly more open than their
|
||||
equivalent in Standard Eittlandic, as shown in table below.
|
||||
#+name: vow:accent:east
|
||||
@ -457,5 +564,63 @@ equivalent in Standard Eittlandic, as shown in table below.
|
||||
| {{{phon(y)}}} | {{{phon(ʏ)}}} |
|
||||
| {{{phon(u)}}} | {{{phon(ʊ)}}} |
|
||||
|
||||
On the other hand, Southern Eittlandic tends to front its {{{phon(ɑ)}}} into
|
||||
{{{phon(a)}}} after nasal consonants and glides and into {{{phon(ɐ)}}} otherwise.
|
||||
*** Southeastern Eittlandic
|
||||
**** rg > ʁ
|
||||
Some time after the [[file:./phonology.md#great-vowel-shift][Great Vowel Shift]], the phonemes {{{phon(r)}}} and
|
||||
{{{phon(g)}}} began assimilating with one another, with an initial evolution
|
||||
as {{{phon(ɣɡ)}}} which eventually led to a pronunciation of «rg» as
|
||||
{{{phon(ʁ)}}}. For instance, the word /myrgun/, pronounced {{{phon(myrɡun)}}} in
|
||||
Standard Eittlandic, is prononced as {{{phon(mʏʁːʊn)}}} in Southeastern
|
||||
Eittlandic.
|
||||
|
||||
**** Ø > ʁ / V#_V
|
||||
A recent evolution in Southern Eittlandic seems to highlight a
|
||||
tendency for rhoticism in this dialect, as a prothesis of {{{phon(ʁ)}}}
|
||||
appears to occur at the beginning of words beginning with vowels,
|
||||
especially between words ending and beginning with a vowel.
|
||||
|
||||
#+html: ::: tip Example
|
||||
- Sentence :: Ek em frá Auðfrýriboll
|
||||
- Translation :: I am from Auðfrýriboll
|
||||
- Standard Eittlandic :: {{{phon(ek em frɛ̀ ɔʊðfrø̀ribolː)}}}
|
||||
- Southeastern Eittlandic :: {{{phon(ek em frɛ̀ ʁɔʊðfrø̀ribolː)}}}
|
||||
#+html: :::
|
||||
|
||||
*** Southern Eittlandic
|
||||
**** ɑ > a / {C[+nas],C[-cons]}_ and ɑ > ɐ
|
||||
Southern Eittlandic tends to front its {{{phon(ɑ)}}} into {{{phon(a)}}} after
|
||||
nasal consonants and glides and into {{{phon(ɐ)}}} otherwise.
|
||||
|
||||
**** VN / _ > Ṽ[-tense] ! V[+high] (Southern Eittlandic)
|
||||
When preceding a nasal, any vowel that is not high as determined by
|
||||
the vowel tree in [[*Vowel Inventory][Vowel Inventory]] gets nasalized when preceding a
|
||||
nasal consonant and loses its tenseness if it has any. Hence, the
|
||||
pronunciation of the «a» in /Eittland/ is {{{phon(ã)}}}. However, Old Norse
|
||||
/runa/ (rune) {{{phon(runɑ)}}} becomes /run/ (letter, character, rune) {{{phon(run)}}}
|
||||
without any nasalization.
|
||||
|
||||
Note this evolution is mostly proeminent in the southern regions of
|
||||
Eittland and the city of Hundraðskip. It is less often documented in
|
||||
Eastern Eittland and almost undocumented in Western Eittland. It is
|
||||
more often documented in casual conversation buch rarer in formal
|
||||
conversation, especially when the majority of the speakers in a group
|
||||
are not southerners.
|
||||
|
||||
*** Urban Eittlandic
|
||||
|
||||
**** ɣ > h (Urban Eittlandic)
|
||||
Since around the middle of the 20th century, urban Eittlandic started
|
||||
leniting any {{{phon(ɣ)}}} into a {{{phon(h)}}}.
|
||||
|
||||
#+html: ::: tip Example
|
||||
Standard Eittlandic /djúplig/ {{{phon(dʒòpliɣ)}}} > urban Eittlandic
|
||||
{{{phon(dʒòplih)}}}
|
||||
#+html: :::
|
||||
|
||||
In urban areas North of Ðeberget, word-final {{{phon(h)}}} resulting from
|
||||
this evolution tends to get completely dropped since around the 90s.
|
||||
|
||||
#+html: ::: tip Example
|
||||
Standard Eittlandic /djúplig/ {{{phon(dʒòpliɣ)}}} > urban Eittlandic
|
||||
{{{phon(dʒòplih)}}} > Northwestern Urban Eittlandic {{{phon(dʒòpli)}}}
|
||||
#+html: :::
|
||||
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user