docs(eittlandic): phonology update
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Reintroduce contrasts between short and long vowels and bitonal system. New word in dictionary
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@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ sm. {{{phon(brɛð)}}}
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See [[file:dictionary.md#broð][/bróð/]]
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*** bróð
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sm. {{{phon(brɔð)}}} , from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/b.php#br%C3%B3%C3%B0ir][bróðir]]
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sm. {{{phon(brɔ̀ð)}}} , from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/b.php#br%C3%B3%C3%B0ir][bróðir]]
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1. brother, plural /bræð/
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@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ re-analyzed into /bræð/ + /-ir/.
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| | Dat. | bróð | bræðum |
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*** bók
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sf. {{{phon(bɔk)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/b.php#b%C3%B3k2][bók]]
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sf. {{{phon(bɔ̀k)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/b.php#b%C3%B3k2][bók]]
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1. book, plural /bøk/
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@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ sf. {{{phon(bɔk)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/b.php#b%C3%B3k2][bók
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| | Dat. | bók | bøkum |
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*** bøk
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sf. {{{phon(bøk)}}}
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sf. {{{phon(bø̀k)}}}
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See [[file:dictionary.md#bok(r)][/bók/]]
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@ -115,14 +115,14 @@ See [[file:dictionary.md#bok(r)][/bók/]]
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** D
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*** djúp
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adj. {{{phon(dʒop)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/d.php#dj%C3%BApr][djúpr]]
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adj. {{{phon(dʒòp)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/d.php#dj%C3%BApr][djúpr]]
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1. deep
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2. profound (figuratively)
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*** djúplig
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adv. {{{phon(dʒopliɡ)}}}, from OE djúpr (see [[file:dictionary.md#djúp][djúp]]) with OE suffix /-ligr/
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(see ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ligr#Old_Norse][-ligr]])
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adv. {{{phon(dʒòpliɣ)}}}, from OE djúpr (see [[file:dictionary.md#djúp][djúp]]) with OE suffix /-ligr/ (see
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ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ligr#Old_Norse][-ligr]])
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1. deeply
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2. inherently
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@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ sf. {{{phon(dɔtʃ)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/d.php#d%C3%B3ttir][
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** E
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*** edd(a)
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wf. {{{phon(ed)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/e.php#edda][edda]]
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wf. {{{phon(e:d)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/e.php#edda][edda]]
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1. great grandmother
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2. female ancestor, beyond the grandmother
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@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ sm. {{{phon(feð)}}}
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See [[file:dictionary.md#fað][/fað/]]
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*** fé
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wn. {{{phon(fɛ)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/f.php#f%C3%A9][fé]] (cattle)
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wn. {{{phon(fɛ̀)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/f.php#f%C3%A9][fé]] (cattle)
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1. wealth
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@ -237,8 +237,8 @@ f. {{{phon(jøv)}}}
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1. gift, present
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** H
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*** heilsa
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f. {{{phon(hɑɪls)}}}
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*** heils(a)
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f. {{{phon(hɑ:ɪls)}}}
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1. health
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*** hjól
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@ -250,8 +250,8 @@ n. {{{phon(l̥ɔð)}}}
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1. hearth
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2. living room
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*** hneisa
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f. {{{phon(n̥ɑɪs)}}}
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*** hneis(a)
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f. {{{phon(n̥ɑ:ɪs)}}}
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1. shame, disgrace
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2. social isolation
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@ -260,8 +260,8 @@ n. {{{phon(n̥ɑɪsinɡ)}}}
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1. hermit
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2. (modern) shut-in, hikikomori
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*** hnjósa
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v. {{{phon(ɲ̥ɔs)}}}
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*** hnjós(a)
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v. {{{phon(ɲ̥ɔ̀ːs)}}}
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1. to sneeze
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*** hrifs
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@ -273,7 +273,7 @@ adv. {{{phon(ʍɑt)}}}
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1. what
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*** hví
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adv. {{{phon(ʍe)}}}
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adv. {{{phon(ʍè)}}}
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1. why
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@ -293,10 +293,14 @@ n. {{{phon(kɔp)}}}
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** L
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** M
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*** myrɡun
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m. {{{phon(myrɡun)}}}
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1. morning, aurora
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** N
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*** noregsúlf
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m. {{{phon(norejsolv)}}}
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m. {{{phon(norejsòlv)}}}
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1. wolf, litt. Norway’s wolf.
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@ -309,7 +313,7 @@ m. {{{phon(norejsolv)}}}
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** Ó
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*** óglaðr
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adj. {{{phon(ɔɡʲɑðr̩)}}}
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adj. {{{phon(ɔ̀ɡʲɑðr̩)}}}
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1. very sad, depressed, miserable
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@ -336,24 +340,24 @@ From English *penguin*
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** R
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** S
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*** sitja
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v. {{{phon(sitʃ)}}}
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*** sitj(a)
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v. {{{phon(siːtʃ)}}}
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1. to sit
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2. to represent (politics)
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*** sjá
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v. {{{phon(ʃɛ)}}}
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v. {{{phon(ʃɛ̀)}}}
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1. to see
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2. to understand
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*** skilja
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v. {{{phon(ʃkiʎ)}}}
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v. {{{phon(ʃkiːʎ)}}}
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1. to differenciate
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2. to segregate, to separate
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3. to understand a difference
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*** snjór
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m. {{{phon(sɲɔr)}}}
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m. {{{phon(sɲɔ̀r)}}}
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1. snow
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@ -372,13 +376,13 @@ unity).
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** U
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*** uppá
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prep. {{{phon(upɸə)}}}
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prep. {{{phon(upɸə̀)}}}
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1. upon
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** Ú
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*** úlf
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m. {{{phon(olv)}}}
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m. {{{phon(òlv)}}}
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1. wolf-dog. See also /noregsúlfr/.
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@ -387,8 +391,8 @@ m. {{{phon(olv)}}}
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f. {{{phon(βɑɪshɑɪt)}}}
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1. knowledge or wisdom. From German /Weisheit/. See also /vizka/
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*** viska
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f. {{{phon(βiʃk)}}}
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*** visk(a)
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f. {{{phon(βiːʃk)}}}
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1. practical knowledge or wisdom, acquired from experience
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See /veisheit/ for a more general term for /wisdow/
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@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ evolution that marks the change from Old Eittlandic to Middle
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Eittlandic while the great vowel shift marks the change from Middle
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Eittlandic to Modern Eittlandic between the 16th and the 17th century.
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*** hʷ » ʍ
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*** hʷ > ʍ
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One of the first evolution of the Eittlandic was the evolution of the
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{{{phon(hʷ)}}} into a {{{phon(ʍ)}}} (written «hv»). It differs from other nordic
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languages which evolved their {{{phon(hʷ)}}} into a {{{phon(v)}}}, like in
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@ -42,244 +42,252 @@ mainly due to the original phoneme {{{phon(hʷ)}}} which could be inherited
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from Proto-Norse instead.
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+ Example :: Early Old Norse or Late Proto-Norse /hvat/ (what)
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{{{phon(hʷɑt)}}} » Eittlandic /hvat/ (what) {{{phon(ʍɑt)}}}
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{{{phon(hʷɑt)}}} > Eittlandic /hvat/ (what) {{{phon(ʍɑt)}}}
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*** C / #h_ » C[-voice]
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*** C / #h_ > C[-voice]
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When preceded by a {{{phon(h)}}}, word-initial consonants such as «l», «r»,
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«n» would lose their voicing and become voiceless consonants. Note
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«hj» went to {{{phon(ç)}}}.
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+ Example ::
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- Early Old Norse /hlóð/ (/hearth/) {{{phon(hloːð)}}} » Old Eittlandic /hlóð/
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+ Example ::
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- Early Old Norse /hlóð/ (/hearth/) {{{phon(hloːð)}}} > Old Eittlandic /hlóð/
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{{{phon(l̥oːð)}}}
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- Early Old-Norse /hneisa/ (/shame, disgrace/) {{{phon(hneisɑ)}}} » Early Old
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- Early Old-Norse /hneisa/ (/shame, disgrace/) {{{phon(hneisɑ)}}} > Early Old
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Eittlandic {{{phon(n̥eisɑ)}}}
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- Early Old Norse /hrifs/ (/robbery/) {{{phon(hrifs)}}} » Old Norse {{{phon(r̥ifs)}}}
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- Early Old Norse /hjól/ (wheel) {{{phon(hjoːl)}}} » Old Eittlandic {{{phon(çoːl)}}}
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- Early Old Norse /hrifs/ (/robbery/) {{{phon(hrifs)}}} > Old Norse {{{phon(r̥ifs)}}}
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- Early Old Norse /hjól/ (wheel) {{{phon(hjoːl)}}} > Old Eittlandic {{{phon(çoːl)}}}
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*** g / {#,V}_{V,#} » ɣ
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*** g / {#,V}_{V,#} > ɣ
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In word-initial position and followed by a vowel or when between
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vowels, Early Old Norse {{{phon(g)}}} gets palatalized into a {{{phon(ɣ)}}}.
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+ Example :: Early Old Norse /gegn/ (/against, right opposite/) {{{phon(gegn̩)}}}
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» Old Eittlandic {{{phon(ɣegn̩)}}}
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> Old Eittlandic {{{phon(ɣegn̩)}}}
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*** V / _# » ∅ ! j _
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*** V / _# > ∅ ! j _
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When finishing a word, short unaccented vowels disappeared.
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Historically, they first went through a weakening transforming them
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into a {{{phon(ə)}}}, but they eventually disappeared before long vowels got
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affected by the first part of the rule. However, it did not apply to
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final vowels following a «j».
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+ Example :: Old Norse /heilsa/ (/health/) {{{phon(heilsɑ)}}} » Late Old
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+ Example :: Old Norse /heilsa/ (/health/) {{{phon(heilsɑ)}}} > Late Old
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Eittlandic /heils/ {{{phon(heils)}}}.
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Reflecting this change, the last vowel got lost in the Eittlandic
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orthography. However, this rule did not get applied consistently with
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a good deal of people that kept them well until the [[*Great Vowel Shift][Great Vowel Shift]].
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a good deal of people that kept them well until the [[file:./phonology.md#great-vowel-shift][Great Vowel Shift]].
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*** V / j_# » ə
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*** V / j_# > ə
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While the final short vowel of words did not disappear when preceded
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by a «j», they still weakened to a schwa.
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+ Example :: Old Norse /sitja/ (/to sit/) {{{phon(sitjɑ)}}} » Old Eittlandic
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+ Example :: Old Norse /sitja/ (/to sit/) {{{phon(sitjɑ)}}} > Old Eittlandic
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{{{phon(sitjə)}}}
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*** Vː / _# » ə
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*** Vː / _# > ə
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When at the end of a word, long unaccented vowels get weakened into a
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schwa.
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+ Example :: Old Norse /erþó/ (as though) {{{phon(erθoː)}}} » Late Old
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+ Example :: Old Norse /erþó/ (as though) {{{phon(erθoː)}}} > Late Old
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Eittlandic {{{phon(erθə)}}}.
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Notice how in the modern orthography the «ó» didn’t get lost, unlike
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with the previous rule. Unlike the schwa from the previous rule, the
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current schwa still bears the long vowel feature, although it is not
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pronounced any more by that point, influencing the rule described in [[*ə\[-long\] / C_# »
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∅][rule 15]].
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pronounced any more by that point, influencing the [[file:./phonology.md#ə-long-c-∅][final schwa loss]].
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*** ɣ / {#,V}_ » j
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*** ɣ / {#,V}_ > j ! _{l,j}
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During the 13th century, continued palatalization of the letter «g»
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when beginning or preceding a vowel transformed it from {{{phon(g)}}} in
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Proto-Norse to {{{phon(ɣ)}}} in Old Eittlandic to {{{phon(j)}}} in Early Modern
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Eittlandic.
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+ Example :: Old Norse /gauð/ (a barking) {{{phon(gɑuð)}}} » Early Middle
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+ Example :: Old Norse /gauð/ (a barking) {{{phon(gɑuð)}}} > Early Middle
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Eittlandic /gauð/ (a barking, a quarrel) {{{phon(jɑuð)}}}.
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This is the first rule of the g/j-shift along with the three next
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rules, marking the passage from Old Eittlandic to Middle Eittlandic.
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*** gl » gʲ
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*** gl > gʲ
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The exception to the above rule is the «g» remains a hard {{{phon(g)}}} when
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followed by an «l» in which case {{{phon(gl)}}} becomes {{{phon(gʲ)}}}.
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+ Example :: Old Norse /óglaðr/ (sad, moody) {{{phon(oːɡlɑðr̩)}}} » Early
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+ Example :: Old Norse /óglaðr/ (sad, moody) {{{phon(oːɡlɑðr̩)}}} > Early
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Middle Eittlandic /óglaðr/ (very sad, miserable) {{{phon(oːɡʲɑðr̩)}}}
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*** d g n s t / _j » C[+palat]
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Another exception to the rule in [[*t / _C » ʔ ! _ʃ][rule 21]] is the «g» remains a hard
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{{{phon(g)}}} when followed by a {{{phon(j)}}}, in which case {{{phon(gj)}}} becomes
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{{{phon(j)}}}. Other phonemes {{{phon(d)}}}, {{{phon(h)}}}, {{{phon(n)}}}, {{{phon(s)}}}, and
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{{{phon(t)}}} also get palatalized, merging with the following {{{phon(j)}}}. In
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the end, we have the conversion table given by the table below.
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*** d g n s t / _j > C[+palat]
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Another exception to the [[file:./phonology.md#g-v-%E2%81%A3-v-ɣ][lenition of {{{phon(ɡ)}}}]] is it remained until the
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appearance of this change a hard {{{phon(g)}}} when followed by a {{{phon(j)}}}.
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It however ended up getting assimilated by {{{phon(j)}}}. Other phonemes
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{{{phon(d)}}}, {{{phon(h)}}}, {{{phon(n)}}}, {{{phon(s)}}}, and {{{phon(t)}}} also get palatalized,
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assimilated by the following {{{phon(j)}}}. In the end, we have the
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conversion table given by the table below.
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#+name: cons:palatalization
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#+caption: Consonants palatalization
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| Early Old Norse | Eittlandic |
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|-----------------+------------|
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| {{{phon(dj)}}} | {{{phon(dʒ)}}} |
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| {{{phon(gj)}}} | {{{phon(j)}}} |
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| {{{phon(gj)}}} | {{{phon(jː)}}} |
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| {{{phon(nj)}}} | {{{phon(ɲ)}}} |
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| {{{phon(sj)}}} | {{{phon(ʃ)}}} |
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| {{{phon(tj)}}} | {{{phon(tʃ)}}} |
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Note this is also applicable to devoiced consonants from the rule
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described in [[*C / #h_ » C\[-voice\]][rule 2]].
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Note this is also applicable to devoiced consonants [[file:phonology#c-h-c-voice][described above]].
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+ Example ::
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- Early Old Norse /djúp/ (/deep/) {{{phon(djuːp)}}} » Middle Eittlandic /djúp/
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+ Example ::
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- Early Old Norse /djúp/ (/deep/) {{{phon(djuːp)}}} > Middle Eittlandic /djúp/
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(/deep, profound/) {{{phon(dʒuːp)}}}
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- Early Old Norse /gjøf/ (/gift/) {{{phon(gjøf)}}} » Early Middle Eittlandic
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- Early Old Norse /gjøf/ (/gift/) {{{phon(gjøf)}}} > Early Middle Eittlandic
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{{{phon(jøf)}}}
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- Early Old Norse /snjór/ (/snow/) {{{phon(snjoːr)}}} » Middle Eittlandic
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- Early Old Norse /snjór/ (/snow/) {{{phon(snjoːr)}}} > Middle Eittlandic
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{{{phon(sɲoːr)}}}
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- Early Old Norse /hnjósa/ (/to sneeze/) {{{phon(hnjoːsɑ)}}} » Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(ɲ̥oːs)}}}
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- Early Old Norse /sjá/ (/to see/) {{{phon(sjɑː)}}} » Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(ʃɑː)}}}
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- Early Old Norse /hnjósa/ (/to sneeze/) {{{phon(hnjoːsɑ)}}} > Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(ɲ̥oːs)}}}
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- Early Old Norse /sjá/ (/to see/) {{{phon(sjɑː)}}} > Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(ʃɑː)}}}
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- Early Old Norse /skilja/ (/to understand, to distinguish/)
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{{{phon(skiljɑ)}}} » Early Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(ʃkiljə)}}}
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- Old Eittlandic /sitja/ (/to sit/) {{{phon(sitjə)}}} » Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(sitʃə)}}}
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{{{phon(skiljɑ)}}} > Early Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(ʃkiljə)}}}
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- Old Eittlandic /sitja/ (/to sit/) {{{phon(sitjə)}}} > Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(sitʃə)}}}
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*** j » jə / _#
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*** j > jə / _#
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With the appearance of word-final {{{phon(j)}}}, and epenthtetic {{{phon(ə)}}}
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appeared due to the phonological rule forbidding word-final consonant
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clusters to end with a {{{phon(j)}}}.
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+ Example ::
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- Early Old Norse /berg/ (/rock/, /boulder/) {{{phon(berɡ)}}} » Middle
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+ Example :: Early Old Norse /berg/ (/rock/, /boulder/) {{{phon(berɡ)}}} > Middle
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Eittlandic /berg/ {{{phon(berjə)}}}
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*** u / V_ » ʊ
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||||
*** u / V_ > ʊ
|
||||
When following another vowel, {{{phon(u)}}} becomes an {{{phon(ʊ)}}}.
|
||||
|
||||
+ Example :: Old Norse /kaup/ (/bargain/) {{{phon(kɑup)}}} » Early Middle
|
||||
+ Example :: Old Norse /kaup/ (/bargain/) {{{phon(kɑup)}}} > Early Middle
|
||||
Eittlandic {{{phon(kɑʊp)}}}
|
||||
|
||||
*** {s,z} / _C[+plos] » ʃ
|
||||
*** {s,z} / _C[+plos] > ʃ
|
||||
If {{{phon(s)}}} or {{{phon(z)}}} precede a plosive consonant, they become
|
||||
palatalized into a {{{phon(ʃ)}}} --- the distinction between «s» and «z» is
|
||||
lost.
|
||||
|
||||
+ Example ::
|
||||
- Old Norse /fiskr/ (/fish/) {{{phon(fiskr̩)}}} » Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(fiʃkr̩)}}}
|
||||
- Early Old Norse /vizka/ (/wisdom/) {{{phon(βizkɑ)}}} » Middle Eittlandic
|
||||
+ Example ::
|
||||
- Old Norse /fiskr/ (/fish/) {{{phon(fiskr̩)}}} > Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(fiʃkr̩)}}}
|
||||
- Early Old Norse /vizka/ (/wisdom/) {{{phon(βizkɑ)}}} > Middle Eittlandic
|
||||
/viska/ {{{phon(βiʃk)}}}
|
||||
|
||||
Note that in the Modern Eittlandic orthography, the «z» is replaced
|
||||
with an «s».
|
||||
|
||||
*** f / {V,C[+voice]}_ {V,C[+voice],#} » v
|
||||
*** f / {V,C[+voice]}_ {V,C[+voice],#} > v
|
||||
When a «f» is either surrounded by voice phonemes or is preceded by a
|
||||
voiced phoneme and ends a word, it gets voiced into a {{{phon(v)}}}.
|
||||
|
||||
+ Example :: Old Norse /úlf/ (wolf) {{{phon(uːlf)}}} » Middle Eittlandic /úlv/ {{{phon(uːlv)}}}.
|
||||
+ Example :: Old Norse /úlf/ (wolf) {{{phon(uːlf)}}} > Middle Eittlandic /úlv/ {{{phon(uːlv)}}}.
|
||||
|
||||
*** l / _j » ʎ
|
||||
*** l / _j > ʎ
|
||||
When followed by a «j», any «l» becomes a {{{phon(ʎ)}}}, merging with the
|
||||
following «j».
|
||||
|
||||
+ Example :: Early Middle Eittlandic /skilja/ (to understand, to
|
||||
distinguish) {{{phon(ʃkiljə)}}} » Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(ʃkiʎə)}}}
|
||||
distinguish) {{{phon(ʃkiljə)}}} > Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(ʃkiʎə)}}}
|
||||
|
||||
*** ə[-long] / C_# » ∅
|
||||
As described in the [[*Vː / _# » ə][rule 6]], the schwa resulting from it kept its long
|
||||
vowel feature, although it wasn’t pronounced anymore. This resulted in
|
||||
the current rule making all schwas resulting from short vowels at the
|
||||
end of words to disappear when following a voiced consonant. This
|
||||
basically boils down to any former short vowel following a «j» in
|
||||
word-final position.
|
||||
|
||||
+ Example :: Middle Eittlandic (to understand, to distinguish)
|
||||
{{{phon(ʃkiʎə)}}} » Late Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(ʃkiʎ)}}}
|
||||
|
||||
*** ɑʊ » oː
|
||||
*** ɑʊ > oː
|
||||
Sometime in the 15th century, any occurence of «au», pronounced by
|
||||
then {{{phon(ɑʊ)}}}, began shifting to {{{phon(oː)}}}.
|
||||
|
||||
+ Example :: Early Middle Eittlandic /kaup/ (/bargain/) {{{phon(/kɑʊp/)}}} » Late
|
||||
+ Example :: Early Middle Eittlandic /kaup/ (/bargain/) {{{phon(kɑʊp)}}} > Late
|
||||
Middle Eittlandic /kaup/ (/commerce/) {{{phon(koːp)}}}
|
||||
|
||||
*** C[+long +plos -voice] » C[+fric] ! / _C » C[+long +plos] » C[-long]
|
||||
*** C[+long +plos -voice] > C[+fric] ! / _C > C[+long +plos] > C[-long]
|
||||
Unless followed by another consonant, any unvoiced long plosive
|
||||
consonant becomes a short affricate while other long plosives simply
|
||||
become shorter.
|
||||
|
||||
+ Example ::
|
||||
- Old Norse /edda/ (great grandmother) {{{phon(edːɑ)}}} » Late Middle Eittlandic
|
||||
+ Example ::
|
||||
- Old Norse /edda/ (great grandmother) {{{phon(edːɑ)}}} > Late Middle Eittlandic
|
||||
/edda/ (great grandmother, femalle ancestor) {{{phon(edɑ)}}}
|
||||
- Old Norse /Eittland/ {{{phon(eitːlɑnd)}}} » Late Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(eitlɑnd)}}}
|
||||
- Old Norse /uppá/ (/upon/) {{{phon(upːɑː)}}} » Late Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(upɸə)}}}
|
||||
- Old Norse /Eittland/ {{{phon(eitːlɑnd)}}} > Late Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(eitlɑnd)}}}
|
||||
- Old Norse /uppá/ (/upon/) {{{phon(upːɑː)}}} > Late Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(upɸə)}}}
|
||||
|
||||
*** r » ʁ (Eastern Eittlandic)
|
||||
*** r > ʁ (Eastern Eittlandic)
|
||||
From the beginning of the 16th century, the Eastern Eittlandic {{{phon(r)}}}
|
||||
began morphing into an {{{phon(ʁ)}}} in all contexts except in word-final
|
||||
«-r», remanants of Old Norse’s nominative «-R». This is typical in the
|
||||
Eastern region of Eittland, and it can be even heard in some dialects
|
||||
of Southern Eittlandic.
|
||||
|
||||
+ Example ::
|
||||
- Old Norse /dratta/ (/to trail/ or /walk like a cow/) {{{phon(drɑtʃ)}}} » Eastern Modern
|
||||
+ Example ::
|
||||
- Old Norse /dratta/ (/to trail/ or /walk like a cow/) {{{phon(drɑtʃ)}}} > Eastern Modern
|
||||
Eittlandic /dratt/ (/act mindlessly/) {{{phon(dʁɑtʃ)}}}
|
||||
- Early Old Norse /fjárdráttr/ (/(unfairly) making money/)
|
||||
{{{phon(fjɑːdrɑːtːr̩)}}} » Eastern Modern Eittlandic /fjárdráttr/ (/to scam/)
|
||||
{{{phon(fjɑːdrɑːtːr̩)}}} > Eastern Modern Eittlandic /fjárdráttr/ (/to scam/)
|
||||
{{{phon(fjɛʁdʁɛtr̩)}}}
|
||||
|
||||
*** Great Vowel Shift
|
||||
The great vowel shift happened during the 16th and 17th century during
|
||||
which long vowels underwent a length loss, transforming them into
|
||||
different short vowels. Only three rules governed this shift:
|
||||
- V[+high +long] » V[-high -long]
|
||||
- V[+tense +long] » V[-tense -long]
|
||||
- V[-tense +long] » V[-long -low]
|
||||
- V[+high +long] > V[-high -long +LT]
|
||||
- V[+tense +long] > V[-tense -long +LT]
|
||||
- V[-tense +long] > V[-long -low +LT]
|
||||
|
||||
Hence, the vowels evolved as shown in the table below.
|
||||
This shift reintroduced a bitonal system in Eittlandic, contrasting
|
||||
former long vowels with short vowels. Hence, the vowels evolved as
|
||||
shown in the table below.
|
||||
#+name: vow:eittland:evolution
|
||||
#+caption: Evolution of Old Norse long vowels to Eittlandic short vowels
|
||||
| Orthography | Old Eittlandic vowel | Modern Eittlandic Vowel |
|
||||
|-------------+----------------------+-------------------------|
|
||||
| á | {{{phon(ɑː)}}} | {{{phon(ɛ)}}} |
|
||||
| é | {{{phon(eː)}}} | {{{phon(ɛ)}}} |
|
||||
| í | {{{phon(iː)}}} | {{{phon(e)}}} |
|
||||
| ó | {{{phon(oː)}}} | {{{phon(ɔ)}}} |
|
||||
| œ (ǿ) | {{{phon(øː)}}} | {{{phon(œ)}}} |
|
||||
| ú | {{{phon(uː)}}} | {{{phon(o)}}} |
|
||||
| ý | {{{phon(yː)}}} | {{{phon(ø)}}} |
|
||||
| á | {{{phon(ɑː)}}} | {{{phon(ɛ̀)}}} |
|
||||
| é | {{{phon(eː)}}} | {{{phon(ɛ̀)}}} |
|
||||
| í | {{{phon(iː)}}} | {{{phon(è)}}} |
|
||||
| ó | {{{phon(oː)}}} | {{{phon(ɔ̀)}}} |
|
||||
| œ (ǿ) | {{{phon(øː)}}} | {{{phon(œ̀)}}} |
|
||||
| ú | {{{phon(uː)}}} | {{{phon(ò)}}} |
|
||||
| ý | {{{phon(yː)}}} | {{{phon(ø̀)}}} |
|
||||
|
||||
As you can see, some overlap is possible from Old Norse vowels and
|
||||
Modern Eittlandic vowels. For instance, Eittlanders will read «e» and
|
||||
«í» both as an {{{phon(e)}}}.
|
||||
Modern Eittlandic vowels. For instance, Eittlanders will read «é» and
|
||||
«á» both as an {{{phon(ɛ̀)}}}.
|
||||
|
||||
+ Examples ::
|
||||
- Middle Eittlandic /sjá/ (/to see/) {{{phon(ʃɑː)}}} » Modern Eittlandic {{{phon(ʃɛ)}}}
|
||||
- Old Norse /fé/ (/cattle/) {{{phon(feː)}}} » Modern Eittlandic /fé/ (wealth) {{{phon(fɛ)}}}
|
||||
- Late Proto-Norse /hví/ (/why/) {{{phon(hʷiː)}}} » Modern Eittlandic {{{phon(ʍe)}}}
|
||||
- Old Norse /bók/ (/beech/, /book/) {{{phon(boːk)}}} » Modern Eittlandic (/book/)
|
||||
{{{phon(bɔk)}}}
|
||||
- Early Old Norse /œgir/ (/frightener/, /terrifier/) {{{phon(øːɡir)}}} » Modern
|
||||
Eittlandic /Œgir/ (a kind of mythical beast) {{{phon(œjir)}}}
|
||||
- Middle Eittlandic /úlv/ (/wolf/) {{{phon(uːlv)}}} » Modern Eittlandic {{{phon(olv)}}}
|
||||
+ Examples ::
|
||||
- Middle Eittlandic /sjá/ (/to see/) {{{phon(ʃɑː)}}} > Modern Eittlandic {{{phon(ʃɛ̀)}}}
|
||||
- Old Norse /fé/ (/cattle/) {{{phon(feː)}}} > Modern Eittlandic /fé/ (wealth) {{{phon(fɛ̀)}}}
|
||||
- Late Proto-Norse /hví/ (/why/) {{{phon(hʷiː)}}} > Modern Eittlandic {{{phon(ʍè)}}}
|
||||
- Old Norse /bók/ (/beech/, /book/) {{{phon(boːk)}}} > Modern Eittlandic (/book/)
|
||||
{{{phon(bɔ̀k)}}}
|
||||
- Early Old Norse /œgir/ (/frightener/, /terrifier/) {{{phon(øːɡir)}}} > Modern
|
||||
Eittlandic /Œgir/ (a kind of mythical beast) {{{phon(œ̀jir)}}}
|
||||
- Middle Eittlandic /úlv/ (/wolf/) {{{phon(uːlv)}}} > Modern Eittlandic {{{phon(òlv)}}}
|
||||
|
||||
Diphthongs also evolved following these rules:
|
||||
- {{{phon(ei)}}} » {{{phon(ɑɪ)}}}
|
||||
- {{{phon(ou)}}} » {{{phon(ɔʊ)}}}
|
||||
- {{{phon(øy)}}} » {{{phon(œʏ)}}}
|
||||
- {{{phon(ei)}}} > {{{phon(ɑɪ)}}}
|
||||
- {{{phon(ou)}}} > {{{phon(ɔʊ)}}}
|
||||
- {{{phon(øy)}}} > {{{phon(œʏ)}}}
|
||||
|
||||
It is probably up to this time period when Eittlandic stopped
|
||||
nasalizing its vowels aside from Southern Eittland (see below),
|
||||
although the timeframe regarding this evolution is very much unclear
|
||||
and it might have happened as early as during the 13th century.
|
||||
|
||||
*** VN / _ » Ṽ[-tense] ! V[+high] (Southern Eittlandic)
|
||||
*** rɡ > ʁ (Southeastern Eittlandic)
|
||||
In Southeastern Eittlandic, in the area around Hylfjaltr, the phonemes
|
||||
{{{phon(r)}}} and {{{phon(ɡ)}}} assimilated each other into a {{{phon(ʁ)}}}, affecting
|
||||
words such as /myrgun/ pronounced then as {{{phon(myʁun)}}}.
|
||||
|
||||
*** ə[-long] / C_# > ∅
|
||||
As described in the [[file:./phonology.md#vː-ə][weakening of final long vowels]], the schwa
|
||||
resulting from it kept its long vowel feature, although it wasn’t
|
||||
pronounced anymore. This resulted in the current rule making all
|
||||
schwas resulting from short vowels at the end of words to disappear
|
||||
when following a voiced consonant. However, this process lengthened
|
||||
any previous vowel, thus reintroducing a contrast between short vowels
|
||||
and long vowels in Eittlandic. This distinction is however unmarked
|
||||
when written in Standard Eittlandic due to the spelling dropping the
|
||||
final vowels affected here.
|
||||
|
||||
+ Example :: Middle Eittlandic (to understand, to distinguish)
|
||||
{{{phon(ʃkiʎə)}}} > Late Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(ʃkiːʎ)}}}
|
||||
|
||||
*** VN / _ > Ṽ[-tense] ! V[+high] (Southern Eittlandic)
|
||||
When preceding a nasal, any vowel that is not high as determined by
|
||||
the vowel tree in [[*Vowel Inventory][Vowel Inventory]] gets nasalized when preceding a
|
||||
nasal consonant and loses its tenseness if it has any. Hence, the
|
||||
@ -294,30 +302,48 @@ more often documented in casual conversation buch rarer in formal
|
||||
conversation, especially when the majority of the speakers in a group
|
||||
are not southerners.
|
||||
|
||||
*** t / _C » ʔ ! _ʃ
|
||||
*** t / _C > ʔ ! _ʃ
|
||||
When a {{{phon(t)}}} precedes another consonant, it becomes a glottal stop.
|
||||
|
||||
+ Example :: Early Modern Eittlandic /Eittland/ {{{phon(ɑɪtlɑnd)}}} » Modern
|
||||
+ Example :: Early Modern Eittlandic /Eittland/ {{{phon(ɑɪtlɑnd)}}} > Modern
|
||||
Eittlandic {{{phon(ɑɪʔlɑnd)}}}
|
||||
|
||||
*** V^{U} » ə ! diphthongs (Western Eittlandic)
|
||||
*** V^{U} > ə ! diphthongs (Western Eittlandic)
|
||||
A recent evolution in Western Eittland is weakening any unstressed
|
||||
vowel that is not a diphthong to a schwa. It is only documented in
|
||||
casual speech but almost never in formal speech.
|
||||
|
||||
+ Example ::
|
||||
- Standard Eittlandic /ádreif/ (spray) {{{phon(ɛdrɑɪv)}}} » Western Casual
|
||||
Eittlandic {{{phon(ɛdrɑɪv)}}}
|
||||
- Standard Eittlandic /einlægr/ (/sincere/) {{{phon(ɑɪnlæɡr)}}} » Western
|
||||
+ Example ::
|
||||
- Standard Eittlandic /ádreif/ (spray) {{{phon(ɛ̀drɑɪv)}}} > Western Casual
|
||||
Eittlandic {{{phon(ɛ̀drɑɪv)}}}
|
||||
- Standard Eittlandic /einlægr/ (/sincere/) {{{phon(ɑɪnlæɡr)}}} > Western
|
||||
Casual Eittlandic {{{phon(ɑɪnləɡr)}}}
|
||||
|
||||
*** ɣ > h (Urban Eittlandic)
|
||||
Since around the middle of the 20th century, urban Eittlandic started
|
||||
leniting any {{{phon(ɣ)}}} into a {{{phon(h)}}}.
|
||||
|
||||
+ Example :: Standard Eittlandic /djúplig/ {{{phon(dʒòpliɣ)}}} > urban
|
||||
Eittlandic {{{phon(dʒòplih)}}}
|
||||
|
||||
In urban areas North of Ðeberget, word-final {{{phon(h)}}} resulting from
|
||||
this evolution tends to get completely dropped since around the 90s.
|
||||
|
||||
+ Example :: Standard Eittlandic /djúplig/ {{{phon(dʒòpliɣ)}}} > urban
|
||||
Eittlandic {{{phon(dʒòplih)}}} > Northwestern Urban Eittlandic
|
||||
{{{phon(dʒòpli)}}}
|
||||
|
||||
** Vowel Inventory
|
||||
Modern Eittlandic has a total of ten simple vowels and three
|
||||
diphthongs, regardless of the dialect. Unlike its ancestor language,
|
||||
Old Norse, it does not bear any distinction in vowel length anymore
|
||||
since the great vowel shift (see the [[*Great Vowel Shift][Great Vowel Shift]]). The first
|
||||
diphthongs, regardless of the dialect. It does not directly inherit
|
||||
the vowel length contrast Old Norse bore anymore since the great vowel
|
||||
shift (see the [[*Great Vowel Shift][Great Vowel Shift]]), though most of it shifted to a
|
||||
bitonal contrast instead. The original bitonal contrast believed to
|
||||
have existed in Old Norse has been most likely lost early on during
|
||||
Eittlandic’s evolution, leaving room for the current one. The first
|
||||
table below lists the Eittlandic simple vowels while the second table
|
||||
lists the Eittlandic diphthongs.
|
||||
lists the Eittlandic diphthongs. Note that the contrast by length or
|
||||
tone is not listed in the table,
|
||||
|
||||
#+name: tab:vow:ipa
|
||||
#+caption: Vowel inventory of Modern Eittlandic
|
||||
@ -352,18 +378,18 @@ graph{graph[dpi=300,bgcolor="transparent"];node[shape=plaintext];"vowels-0ju80zw
|
||||
#+html: <ImgFigure src="/img/eittlandic/vowel-feature-tree.png" alt="Eittlandic Vowel Featural Tree">Eittlandic Vowels Featural Tree</ImgFigure>
|
||||
|
||||
- a {{{phon(ɑ)}}} ::
|
||||
- á {{{phon(ɛ)}}} ::
|
||||
- á {{{phon(ɛ̀)}}} ::
|
||||
- æ {{{phon(ɛ)}}} ::
|
||||
- e {{{phon(e)}}} ::
|
||||
- é {{{phon(ɛ)}}} ::
|
||||
- é {{{phon(ɛ̀)}}} ::
|
||||
- i {{{phon(i)}}} ::
|
||||
- í {{{phon(e)}}} ::
|
||||
- í {{{phon(è)}}} ::
|
||||
- o {{{phon(o)}}} ::
|
||||
- ó {{{phon(ɔ)}}} ::
|
||||
- ó {{{phon(ɔ̀)}}} ::
|
||||
- u {{{phon(u)}}} ::
|
||||
- ú {{{phon(o)}}} ::
|
||||
- ú {{{phon(ò)}}} ::
|
||||
- y {{{phon(y)}}} ::
|
||||
- ý {{{phon(ø)}}} ::
|
||||
- ý {{{phon(ø̀)}}} ::
|
||||
|
||||
*** Private Data :noexport:
|
||||
#+name: vowels-featural-list
|
||||
@ -387,7 +413,24 @@ graph{graph[dpi=300,bgcolor="transparent"];node[shape=plaintext];"vowels-0ju80zw
|
||||
*** Private Data :noexport:
|
||||
|
||||
** Pitch and Stress
|
||||
/Under construction/
|
||||
The original bitonal pitch accent of Eittlandic is thought to have
|
||||
been lost around the 10th or 11th century, though it is no certain
|
||||
this dating is accurate due to next to no documentation contemporary
|
||||
documentation existing regarding this evolution. It has been, however,
|
||||
replaced by a newer bitonal system during the [[file:phonology.md#great-vowel-shift][Great Vowel Shift]] as a
|
||||
replacement for the loss of the contrast between short and long
|
||||
vowels. The low pitch is marked, while the high pitch is unmarked.
|
||||
|
||||
The distinction between low and high pitch is only done on stressed
|
||||
vowels, whether they are the bearer of the primary stress or a
|
||||
secondary stress. The primary stress always falls on the first
|
||||
syllable of a word, while the secondary stress falls where the primary
|
||||
stress would fall in compound words, such as /noregsúlv/
|
||||
{{{phon(ˈnorejsˌòlv)}}}. In this instance, no distinction is made regarding
|
||||
whether {{{phon(e)}}} is a high pitch or low pitch vowel as it bears no
|
||||
stress. On the other hand, the initial {{{phon(o)}}} bears a high pitch,
|
||||
while the second {{{phon(o)}}} bears a low pitch. Note that there is no
|
||||
correlation between which stress carries which pitch.
|
||||
|
||||
** Regional accents
|
||||
Eittlandic is a language in which three distinct main dialects exist
|
||||
@ -396,8 +439,9 @@ Eittlandic spoken in the majority Kingdom of Hylfjaltr, Western
|
||||
Eittlandic spoken in the majority of the Kingdom of Ðeberget, and
|
||||
Southern Eittlandic spoken on the southern parts of the island,
|
||||
regardess of the legal kingdom (see the map shown in [[file:./country.md#culture][Culture]]). Three
|
||||
main elements of their respective accent were presented above in [[file:/phonology.md#*r » ʁ (Eastern
|
||||
Eittlandic)][rule 18]], [[file:/phonology.md#*VN / _ » Ṽ\[-tense\] ! V\[+high\] (Southern Eittlandic)][rule 20]] and [[file:/phonology.md#vu-»-ə-diphthongs-western-eittlandic][rule 22]].
|
||||
main elements of their respective accent were presented above in [[file:./phonology.md#*r > ʁ (Eastern Eittlandic)][the
|
||||
Eastern uvularization of «r»]], [[file:./phonology.md#*VN / _ » Ṽ\[-tense\] ! V\[+high\] (Southern Eittlandic)][the Southern nasalization of vowels]]
|
||||
and [[file:/phonology.md#vu-»-ə-diphthongs-western-eittlandic][the Western weakening of unstressed vowels]].
|
||||
|
||||
Some regional variation can be also found in these dialects, although
|
||||
less significant and less consistantly than the changes mentioned
|
||||
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user